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Unit 4　Helping people around the world
詞匯導練
1．We were friends and____________(同事)for more than twenty years.
2．Luckily，the family____________(逃出)from the burning house and no one got hurt.
3．This ____________(抵觸)with the police evidence.
4．A teacher can’t give____________(個別的)attention to each pupil if his class is large.
5．The price is ____________(有點)higher than I expected.
6．The u____________ problem should be considered first.
7．What skills are needed to o____________ this machinery?
8．I feel very h____________to have been able to take on this role.
9．Thousands of people died as the result of the o____________of the Iraq War.
10．We students can see a doctor at the school c____________when we are not feeling well.
11．Tom left the room after six months’____________(occupy)of it.
12．There is a general____________(aware)that smoking is harmful.
1．colleagues　2.fled　3.conflicted　4.individual　5.somewhat
6．urgent　7.operate　8.honoured　9.outbreak　10.clinic
11．occupation　12.awareness
短語匯集
1．________________　　　談及，提到；指稱；查閱，參考
2．________________ 給……動手術
3．________________ 在……的保護下，在……的管理下
4．________________ 回想
5．________________ 作為……的代表
6．________________ 處于混亂狀態
7．________________ 讓人想起……，提醒某人……
8．________________ 產生變化，發生改變
9．________________ 擔當(某一角色)
10．________________ 提出，制定出
11．________________ 只要
12．________________ 出故障；拋錨
13．________________ 死于……
14．________________ 從一地到另一地
15．________________ 得到；抓住
1.refer to　2.operate on　3.under the umbrella of　4.think back to　5.on behalf of　6.in chaos　7.remind sb.of　8.make a difference　9.take on　10.set out　11.if only　12.break down　13.die from　14.from place to place　15.get hold of
語句試譯
1．(回歸課本P50)______________，the UN touches the lives of people everywhere.
大家都知道，聯合國和全世界人們的生活息息相關。
2．(回歸課本P57)________there were more people donating money to charity collections!
要是有更多的人為慈善組織捐款就好了！
3．(回歸課本P62)There________mud and water everywhere，making it difficult to travel from place to place.
到處都是水和泥，這使得我們的旅程變得非常艱難。
1.As you know　2.If only　3.is
核心知識
1.lack　v．& n．　缺乏；缺少的東西
(回歸課本P51)．..，the UN helps countries with other problems such as lack of education，lack of food，poverty，disasters and disease.
……，聯合國幫助那些國家解決其他問題，如缺乏教育、食物，貧窮問題，自然災害和疾病。
10
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1127)There was no lack of volunteers.
志愿者不乏其人。
②(朗文P1146)Robbery charges were dropped for lack of evidence.
搶劫指控因證據不足被撤回。
③Kevin lacks a willingness to try new things.
凱文缺乏嘗試新事物的積極性。
1．翻譯句子
(1)許多人失敗不是因為缺少能力，而是因為缺乏信心。
_________________________________________
答案：It’s lack of confidence，not lack of ability，that makes many people fail.
(2)他真正的問題是他缺乏自信。
_________________________________________
答案：His real problem is that he lacks confidence/he is lacking in confidence.
(3)由于缺少充足的睡眠，大多數學生感到很累。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Lacking/For lack of enough sleep，the majority of students feel tired.
2.face　n．　面孔，表明
v．　面對
(回歸課本P59)One of the major problems facing the hill tribe children along the mountainous borders of northern Thailand is poverty.
泰國北部邊境沿線山區的孩子們面對的主要問題之一是貧困。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P719)It is amazing how Daniels has survived in the face of such strong political opposition.
丹尼爾斯在政治上遭到如此強烈的反對竟能挺過來，真是令人驚訝。
②(牛津P714)She had to face up to the fact that she would never walk again.
她必須敢于面對現實：她再也不能走路了。
③I’d never say it to her face，but her hair looks terrible.
我絕不會當面告訴她，但她的頭發看起來很糟糕。
2.________ with a difficult situation，Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A．To face　　　　　　　B．Having faced
C．Faced D．Facing
解析：選C。句意：面對困難，Arnold決定征求老板的建議。非謂語動詞作狀語事實上是狀語從句的簡化現象，當狀語從句的主語與主句主語一致時，可變為非謂語動詞作狀語。
3．________ with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task on time.
A．Faced B．Face
C．Facing D．To face
解析：選A。句意：遇到如此多的困難，所以我們沒能按時完成任務。主句主語we與face(使……面對)之間的關系為邏輯上的動賓關系，所以A正確。
3.expense　n．　費用，花費；代價
(回歸課本P59)．..and often they cannot afford the expense to purchase important things like medicine.
……他們往往連像藥品之類的重要物品都買不起。
歸納拓展
at one’s own expense自費
at the public expense公費
at any expense/cost不管花多少錢或付出多大代價
at the expense of犧牲……；付出……代價
cut down on expenses縮減開支
spare no expense不惜一切代價
living expenses生活開支
例句探源
①(朗文P706)He didn’t want to devote more time to his business at the expense of his family.
他不想犧牲家庭以在生意上投入更多的時間。
②(牛津P700)The payments he gets barely cover his expenses.
他幾乎是入不敷出。
③Their visit put us to a lot of expense.
他們的來訪使我們破費不小。
易混辨析
expense，cost，price，fee
(1)expense表示“費用”時，用法和cost相似，可指生活方面的各種費用，但expense多用于指大量、大規模的花費，常用復數。
(2)cost指貨物、服務的成本或代價。作“成本、費用”解時是可數名詞，指服務費用或一般費用。作“代價，犧牲”解時，既可以是可數名詞也可以是不可數名詞。
(3)price指“(商品出售的)價格”，尤指賣主所定的價格。
(4)fee常指“會費，學費，報名費，入場費”或者“付給(醫生，律師，教師)的服務費，酬金”，是可數名詞。
①We are surprised at the terrible expense of having the house repaired.
②What price did you pay for this suit？(＝What is the price of this suit？)
③What is the actual cost of one unit?
④He couldn’t pay the lawyer’s fees so he decided to speak for himself.
4．完成句子
(1)他以自己的健康為代價逐步建立起這個企業。
He built up the business________ ________ ________ ________his health.
答案：at the expense of
(2)他自己掏腰包出版了那本書。
He published the book________ ________ ________
________.
答案：at his own expense
(3)為使宴會成功他不惜費用。
He________ ________ ________make the party a success.
答案：spared no expense
(4)就我所知，他們已削減了開支。
To my knowledge，they have________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：cut down on expenses
4.means　n．　方式；方法；手段
(回歸課本P59)Health care is limited as there are no doctors or nurses in the villages and again no one has the means to pay for them.
醫療保健受到了限制，因為在村里沒有醫生護士，也沒有人能夠為他們付得起費用。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1250)She is by no means an inexperienced teacher.
她絕不是個毫無經驗的教師。
②(朗文P1277)By all means，drink plenty of water while exercising.
當然，鍛煉時可以多喝水。
③The adminastration is looking for new means of financing highways.
政府正在尋找新的途徑為修建公路籌集資金。
易混辨析
means，method，manner，way
method，manner與means為正式用語。
(1)means指實現目的的任何手段，或使用某種交通工具的方式。
(2)method指有條理的，系統的辦法，特別指新的辦法。
(3)manner指特殊的或怪異的方式、方法、與動作有關。
(4)way的使用范圍很廣，但較多地用在具體的事情上或口語中。
①What would be the most effective method of advertising our product?
②They are trying to find a way of settling the dispute.
③This is not an economical means of heating.
④The school has decided to adopt a different manner to discipline.
5．完成句子
(1)目前電子郵件是一種有效的通訊手段。
At present email is ________ ________ ________ of communication.
答案：an effective means
(2)人們應該按照自己的負擔能力來消費。
People should pay according to their ________.
答案：means
(3)它決不能說是極好，但仍然比去年好。
It was ________ ________ ________excellent but still better than last year.
答案：by no means
(4)思想可以借助音樂來表達。
Thoughts can be expressed________ ________ ________music.
答案：by means of
5.remind　v．　提醒，使想起
(回歸課本P63)It reminded me of my time in Sudan，where several MSF staff were attacked as people tried to get the food.
這使我想起在蘇丹的日子，人們在爭奪食物時，好幾位“無國界醫生組織”的成員遭到了攻擊。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P1727)That reminds me of a joke I heard last week.
那讓我想起了上周聽到的一個笑話。
②(牛津P1682)Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.
提醒我出去之前給艾倫打電話。
③Can you remind me what I should do next?
你能告訴我下一步該做什么了嗎？
6．完成句子
(1)我經常提醒他許下的諾言。
I often________ ________ ________his promise.
答案：remind him of
(2)別忘了提醒我給她回電話。
Don’t forget to________ ________ ________ ________her back.
答案：remind me to call
(3)請提醒他必須早點到這里。
Please ________ ________that he must be here early.
答案：remind him
(4)你把工作進程告訴他們了嗎？
Did you________ ________ ________the progress of the work?
答案：inform him of
(5)他們把他打倒在地，搶走了他的表和錢。
They knocked him down and________ ________ ________ ________ ________and money.
答案：robbed him of his watch
7.________ me for what I said to you yesterday.
A．Forgive　　　　　　　　B．Apologize
C．Sorry D．Remind
解析：選A。forgive sb.for(doing)sth.原諒某人做過某事。
8．(2009年高考福建卷)________not to miss the flight at 15∶20，the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A．Reminding B．Reminded
C．To remind D．Having reminded
解析：選B。句意：有人提醒經理不要錯過15∶20的航班，他匆忙出發去了機場。本題考查非謂語動詞作狀語，主句主語the manager與remind之間的關系為邏輯上的動賓關系，故排除A、C、D三項，因為這三項表主動，而只有B項表被動。
9. (2011年遼寧省部分重點中學模擬) Please remind me________he said he was going.I may be in time to see him off.
A．where B．when
C．how D．what
解析：選B。由句子結構知，此處缺一賓語從句引導詞，其在從句中充當狀語，故D項首先排除。由后句“我可以及時為他送行。”可知此處應指時間，故此處用when。
6.refer to 　提到；涉及，有關；查閱，參考；查詢
(回歸課本P50)I am pleased to have this chance today to talk to you about the United Nations or the UN，as it is more often referred to.
我很高興今天有機會同大家談談聯合國的情況。聯合國在英文里常被稱為UN。
歸納拓展
【溫馨提示】
refer的過去式、過去分詞、現在分詞分別是referred，referred，referring；refer作為不及物動詞與to搭配，to是介詞后接名詞、代詞或動詞ing形式。
例句探源
①(朗文P1712)If you don’t know what book to get，refer to the list on page 3.
如果你不知道要什么書，請查看第三頁上的書單。
②(牛津P1666)The victims were not referred to by name.
沒有提到受害人的姓名。
③This paragraph refers to the event of last year.
這一段說的是去年發生的事。
④She always referred to Ben as“that nice man”．
她總是稱本為“那個大好人”。
易混辨析
look up，refer to
都有“參考”“查詢”的意思，但搭配不同。
(1)look up的賓語多為word，information等，不可以是book，dictionary，sb.等。
(2)refer to意思比較廣泛，它既可作“查詢”“查找”講，又可作“談到”“提及”講。其賓語多為book，dictionary，sb.等。
①You may look up the word in the dictionary if you don’t know its meaning.
②She didn’t even refer to the notes when she made the speech.
③When I meet new words I don’t know，I often refer to the dictionary.
10．完成句子
(1)我要說的這一切和你們大家有關。
What I have to say________ ________all of you.
答案：refers to
(2)他的正餐是參照一本食譜做的。
He cooked dinner by________ ________a cookbook.
答案：referring to
(3)地方法院決定把這案件提交高級法院。
The local court decided to________ ________ ________ ________the high court.
答案：refer the case to
(4)關于你的申請，你的工作經驗會使你有資格得到這份工作。
________ ________ ________your application，your working experience will make you qualify for the job.
答案：With reference to
(5)科學家們把這個發現看作是這個領域的最激動人心的新進展。
The scientists________ ________ ________ ________
________the most exciting new development in this field.
答案：referred to the discovery as
7.break down 　打破，毀掉，破除；制服，壓倒；坍塌，壞掉；(計劃等)失敗，不成功；(在健康、精神方面)垮掉
(回歸課本P59)Unfortunately，if the pump breaks down，the repairing of the pump takes several days，as an engineer has to come from the nearest town to repair it.
不幸的是，如果水泵壞了的話，修好它得用好多天，因為得從最近的城鎮請工程師來修。
歸納拓展
break away from從……中脫離
break in闖入；打斷
break into闖入(后接賓語)
break out(火災、戰爭等)突然發生，爆發break through突破(障礙，包圍等)
break up分開；驅散；解散；結束，終止break off斷開；突然終止
例句探源
①(牛津P233)The telephone system has broken down.
電話系統癱瘓了。
②Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
她因工作壓力身體垮掉了。
③(朗文P229)The talks broke down completely in June 1982.
會議于1982年6月徹底破裂。
11.(2009年高考四川卷)―How about your journey to Mount Emei?
―Everything was wonderful except that our car________twice on the way.
A．slowed down　　　　　　B．broke down
C．got down D．put down
解析：選B。句意：――峨眉山之游感覺如何啊？――其它都很好，就是我們的車在路上拋錨了兩次。slow down放慢(速度)，(使)減速；break down損壞，(健康等)垮掉，崩潰；get down下來，寫下，使沮喪；put down記下。
12.Don’t be so discouraged.If you ________such feelings，you will do better next time.
A．carry on B．get back
C．break down D．put away
解析：選D。句意：不要如此泄氣，如果你拋開這種情緒，下次一定會做得更好。carry on 繼續進行，從事；get back回來；break down出故障，垮掉，分解；put away拋棄，放棄，處理掉。
13．(2010年哈爾濱九中模擬)―He is so unhappy . What let him down?
―It’s his plans . You can’t imagine what it’s like to feel that all your plans for the future have________.
A．set down B．turned down
C．put down D．broken down
解析：選D。答語句意：是他的計劃，你想象不到你未來的所有計劃都失敗了會是什么感覺。詞組break down在此意為“失敗，落空，遭受挫折”。
8.think back to　回想
(回歸課本P63)When I think back to all the experiences that I have had around the world since joining MSF，I feel that I have been very lucky to be able to help others and do something worthwhile.
每當我回想起自我加入“無國界醫生組織”以來我在世界各地的經歷時，我就感覺到能夠幫助別人做一些有價值的事情是一種幸運。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P2144)when I think back on/to that day，I can barely recall how she looked.
當我追憶那一天時，我基本上想不起她當時的表情
了。
②(牛津P2012)I think of this place as my home.
我把這地方當成了家。
③Nobody thought less of him for showing his emotions.
沒有人因為他表露了自己的情感而減少對他的尊敬。
④Didn’t you ever think about others?
難道你就從沒考慮過別人？
14．完成句子
(1)他回想起了他的童年，在那個遙遠的小村莊的時候。
He________________ ________his childhood when he was in that faraway village.
答案：thought back to
(2)那里似乎人人都對她評價很高。
Everyone there seems to________ ________ ________ ________her.
答案：think very highly of
(3)讓我們仔細考慮他的建議后再和他見面。
Let’s________ ________/________his proposal before we see him again.
答案：think over/about
(4)我認為巴黎是一個浪漫的城市。
I________ ________Paris________a city of romance.
答案：think of；as
句型解析
1【教材原句】　If only there were more people donating money to charity collections！(P57)
要是有更多的人為慈善組織捐款就好了！
【句法分析】　if only只要，要是……該多好，表示一種不能實現或難以實現的愿望，后面的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。
(1)表示過去未曾實現的愿望，有“惋惜，后悔”之意，謂語動詞用had done/been。
①If only I had taken his advice.
我(當時)真該聽從他的建議。
(2)表示現在不可能實現的愿望，有“羨慕，力不從心”的口氣，動詞用一般過去式(be用were)。
②If only I were younger!
要是我年輕點兒就好了！
(3)表示將來難以實現的愿望，有“向往”的口氣，動詞用would/should＋動詞原形或一般過去式(be用were)。
③If only he wouldn’t tell lies.
但愿他不說謊就好了。
歸納拓展
(1)if only但愿……，要是……就好了，常引導虛擬語氣的條件句或感嘆句。
(2)only if只要……，only if本身不是一個固定詞組。only是副詞，用來修飾整個if從句。用于句首時，主句要倒裝。
①If only we had arrived in time，we would not have missed the train.
要是我們及時到達就好了，我們就不會錯過火車了。
②Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave this classroom.
只要老師允許學生就可以離開這個教室了。
15．完成句子
(1)我同事要是有這個機會就好了！
If only my colleague________ ________ ________！
答案：had the chance
(2)要是員工們有更多的錢，就能買輛汽車了。
If only the staff________ ________ ________，they could buy a car.
答案：had more money
(3)要是我去年夏天在那個慈善機構做份臨時工就好了。
If only I________ ________a temporary occupation in that charity last summer.
答案：had done
2【教材原句】　There is mud and water everywhere，making it difficult to travel from place to place.(P62)
到處都是水和泥，這使得我們的旅程變得非常艱難。
【句法分析】　本句使用的是there be句型。
(1)there be句型在英語中表示“什么地方或什么時間存在什么事物”。在這種結構中，there是引導詞，be后面的名詞是主語，句子的結尾是地點(時間)狀語。
①There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.
②There will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
(2)如果有兩個或兩個以上的主語，謂語動詞be與主語的一致問題，要采用就近一致原則。
③There is a pen，two books，and many pencils on the desk.
(3)there be結構有不同時態的形式，而且可以和各種助動詞、情態動詞連用。
④There was a meeting in our school yesterday.
⑤There have been many great changes in our country since then.
⑥There can’t be any mistakes in his passage.
(4)there be結構中的謂語動詞be，有時可用seem to be，happen to be，is likely to be或半系動詞remain，stand，lie，go，exist，follow，live，come，occur等替換。
⑦There is likely to be something wrong with his computer.
⑧Once upon a time there lived a monk in the temple.
(5)there be句型的非謂語形式。
⑨There being no time left，we have to hurry.(Because there is no time left...)(獨立主格結構作狀語)
⑩There having been no water for 2 days，the travelers were all very thirsty.(Because there had been no water for 2 days...)(獨立主格結構作狀語)
?What is the chance of there being an election this year？(there be的動名詞形式作of的賓語)
?I expect there to be many chances for him to get the job.(there be的不定式結構作expect的復合賓語)
?It is natural for there to be a generation gap between the parents and their child.(there be的不定式結構作真正的主語)
16．用所給動詞的適當形式填空
(1)There________(be)a chair and two tables in the room.
答案：is
(2)There________(be) no money in his pocket，he had to go hungry.
答案：is
(3)I expect there________(be)forty guests for the party.
答案：to be
(4)It is necessary for there________(be) a dictionary with you.
答案：being

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