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Unit One: How to Improve Your Study Habits
TEXT
Want to know how to improve your grades without having to spend more time studying? Sounds too good to be true? Well, read on...
How to Improve Your Study Habits
Perhaps you are an average student with average intelligence. You do well enough in school, but you probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily the case, however. You can receive better grades if you want to. Yes, even students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work. Here's how:
1. Plan your time carefully. Make a list of your weekly tasks. Then make a schedule or chart of your time. Fill in committed time such as eating, sleeping, meetings, classes, etc. Then decide on good, regular times for studying. Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments. Of course, studying shouldn't occupy all of the free time on the schedule. It's important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. This weekly schedule may not solve all of your problems, but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time. Furthermore, it will enable you to plan your activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play.
2. Find a good place to study. Choose one place for your study area. It may be a desk or a chair at home or in the school library, but it should be comfortable, and it should not have distractions. When you begin to work, you should be able to concentrate on the subject.
3. Skim before you read. This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully. As you preview the material, you get some idea of the content and how it is organized. Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important material and you may skip some of these portions. Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well.
4. Make good use of your time in class. Listening to what the teacher says in class means less work later. Sit where you can see and hear well. Take notes to help you remember what the teacher says.
5. Study regularly. Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. Read about these points in your textbook. If you know what the teacher will discuss the next day, skim and read that material too. This will help you understand the next class. If you review your notes and textbook regularly, the material will become more meaningful and you will remember it longer. Regular review leads to improved performance on test.
6. Develop a good attitude about tests. The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world won't end if you don't pass a test, so don't worry excessively about a single test. Tests provide grades, but they also let you know what you need to spend more time studying, and they help make your knowledge permanent.
There are other techniques that might help you with your studying. Only a few have been mentioned here. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. Talk with your classmates about their study techniques. Share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. Improving your study habits will improve your grades.
NEW WORDS
average n. ordinary 普通的;中等的
intelligence n. ability to learn and understand 智力
necessarily ad. inevitably 必定
case n. what has really happened; actual condition 實情
additional a. added 附加的，額外的 n. addition
weekly a. done or happening every week 每周的;一周一次的
schedule n. timetable 時間表
chart
n. (sheet of paper with) information written or drawn in the form of a picture 圖(表)
commit vt. 指定...用于
aside ad. to the side 在旁邊;到(向)一邊
etc (Latin, shortened form for et cetera) and other things 等等
normal a. usual 正常的
reading n. the act or practice of reading 閱讀
assignment n. sth. given out as a task (布置的)作業
occupy n. take up 占用
relaxation n. (sth. done for) rest and amusement 休息，娛樂 relax v.
hobby n. what one likes to do in one's free time 業余愛好
entertainment n. show, party, etc. that people enjoy 娛樂 entertain vt.
solve vt. find an answer to (a problem) 解決(問題)
aware a. having knowledge or understanding 知道的;意識到的
furthermore ad. moreover; in addition 而且;此外
enable vt. make (sb.) able (to do sth.) 使(某人)能(做某事)
activity n. sth. (to be) done 活動
adequate a. as much as one needs; enough 充分的;足夠的
distraction n. sth. that draws away the mind or attention 分心(或分散注意力)的事物
concentrate (on or upon) vi. pay close attention (to) 全神貫注(于)
skim vt. read quickly to get the main ideas (of) 略讀
preview vt. have a general view of (sth.) beforehand 預習
content n. what is written in a book, etc. 內容
organize vt. form into a whole 組織
later ad. 后來;以后
skip vt. pass over 略過
portion n. part; share 一部分;一份
double v. make or become twice as great or as many (使)增加一倍
comprehension n. the act of understanding or ability to understand 理解(力)
mention vt. speak or write about (sth.) in a few words 提及
confused a. mixed up in one's mind 迷惑的，混淆的 confuse vt.
textbook n. a standard book for the study of a subject 教科書;課本
performance n. achievement 成績
meaningful a. having important meaning or value 富有意義的
attitude n. what one thinks about sth. 態度，看法
purpose n. aim 目的，意圖
excessively ad. too much 過多地，過分地 excessive a.
permanent a. lasting for a long time; never changing 持久的;永久的
technique n. way of doing sth. 技巧，方法
helpful a. useful; providing help or wiling to help 有益的;給予幫助的，肯幫忙的
PHRASES & EXPRSSIONS
fill in write in 填寫，填充
decide on make a choice or decision about 選定，決定
set aside save for a special purpose 留出
as well also; too; in addition 也，還;同樣
be aware (of) know (sth.); know (what is happening) 知道，意識到
concentrate on direct one's attention, efforts, etc. to 全神貫注于
look over examine (quickly) 把...看一遍，過目
go over review 復習
lead to result in 導致
Unit Two: Sailing Round the World
TEXT
At sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.
Sailing Round the World
Before he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931.
The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of going round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth.
Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone.
He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him. On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen.
After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends' attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.
On 29 January he left Australia. The mext night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunately, bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, Wild be on an island 885 miles away.
After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the followiing radio message to London:" I feel as if I had wakened from a nightmare. Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again."
Juat before 9 o'clock on Sunday evening 28 May, 1967, he aeeived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him. Queeh Elizabeth II knigthed him with the very sword that Queen Elizabeth I had sailed round the world for the first time. The whole voyage from England and back had covered 28, 500 miles. It had taken him nine months , of which the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish.
Like many other adventurers, Chichester had experienced fear and conquered it. In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.
NEW WORDS
single-handed a & ad. (done) by one person alone 單獨的(地)
adventure n. 冒險(活動)
solo a. single-handed 單獨的
transatlantic a. crossing the Atlantic Ocean 橫度大西洋
lung n. part of the body with which one breathes 肺
cancer n. 癌
determined a. with one's mind firmly made up 下定了決心的 determine v. determination n.
retire vi. stop working at one's job(because of age) 退休
voyage n. sea journey 航海;航行
route n. way from one place to another 路線
clipper n. 快速帆船
crew n. group of people who work together on a ship or aeroplane 全體船員;全體乘務員
steer vt. make (esp. a boat or road vehicle) go in a particular direction 為...撐舵
device n. a piece of equipment 設備;裝置
steering device n. 操舵裝置
damage vt. cause harm or injury to 損壞
gale n. very strong wind 大風
cover vt. travel (a certain distance) 行過(一段距離)
previously ad. before 以前 previous a.
attempt n. try 試圖，嘗試
dissuade vt. prevent (sb.) from doing sth. by reasoning 勸阻
treacherous a. more dangerous than it seems 暗藏危險的;奸詐的
cape n. 海角
rough a. (of weather or the sea) stormy; not calm (氣候)有暴風雨的;(海)波濤洶涌的
fortunately ad. luckily 幸運地;幸虧 fortunate a.
contact vt. get in touch with 聯系，接觸
nearby ad. close by 在附近
following a. next; to be mentioned immediately 接著的;下列的
waken v. (cause to) wake 喚醒;醒來
nightmare n. terrible dream 惡夢
drag vt. pull along with great effort 拖，拉
sinister a. 兇惡的，邪惡的
knight n. 爵士 vt. 封... 為爵士
sword n. 劍，刀
accomplish vt. finish successfully 完成
conquer vt. overcome 征服
undoubtedly ad. certainly 無疑地
moreover ad. in addition 此外，而且
human a. of or concerning people 人們
being n. a living thing, esp. a person 生物;人
PHRASES & EXPRESSIOMS
set out begin a course if action 著手，開始
give up atop doing 放棄
be determined to (do) have a strong will to (do) 決心(做)
(all) by oneself (completely) alone
in spite of not taking notice of; not caring about 盡管;雖然
by far by a large amount or degree...得多
turn over (cause to) fall over, upset (使)翻倒，(使)傾覆
can not help can not keep oneself from 禁不住
NAMES
Francis Chichester 弗朗西斯. 奇切斯特
Gipsy Moth 吉普賽. 莫斯
Sydney 悉尼(澳大利亞城市)
Cape Horn 合恩角(智利)
London 倫敦
Elizabeth 伊麗莎白(女子名)
Drake 德雷克(姓氏)
UNIT three: The Present
TEXT
They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. Everyone was so kind to the old lady on her birthday. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort to please he?
The Present
It was the old lady's birthday.
She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occasions when anything came.
Today she was sure the would be something. Myra wouldn't forget her mother's birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work the aged.
The old lady was proud of Myra, but Enid was the daughter she loved. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.
One evening, however, Enid said, "I've arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, Mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital--just a minor operation, I'll soon be home."
In the morning she went, but never came back--she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast.
Two years ago that was, and since then Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never.
The old lady was eight today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps--perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lined or endured just as you chose to look at it.
Even if Myra did not come, she would send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Two spots of colour brightened her cheeks. She was excited--like a child. She would enjoy her day.
Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldn't go out to play until the post had come.
"I guess you'll get lots and lots of presents," he said, "I did last were when I was six."
What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blue's such a pretty colour. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things.
She stood by the window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate.
Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door.
"Granny, granny," he shouted, "I've got your post."
He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myra's writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment.
"No parcel, Johnnie?"
"No, granny."
Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient.
Almost reluctantly she tore the envelope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday -- Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold.
The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.
NEW WORDS
relative n. 親屬，親戚
present n. gift 禮物，贈品
postman n. 郵遞員
rare a. not happening often 罕見的;不常發生的
occasion n. special time; time when sth. happens 時刻，時機;場合
mayor n. chief official of a city or town 市長
medal n. 獎章
aged a. old
content a. satisfied; pleased 滿意的;高興的
primary a. first; earliest 首要的;最初的
arrange vi. make preparations; plan 作安排，籌劃
minor a. not serious or important 較小的;次要的
operate vi. cut the body in order to set right or remove a diseased part 開刀，動手術
operating table n. a special table in a hospital, where operations are done 手術臺
funeral n. 葬禮
efficient a. able to plan and work well 效率高的
decade n. ten years
endure vt. bear (pain, suffering, etc.) 忍受，忍耐
spot n. a round area that is different from the main surface 點，斑點
brighten vt. make bright or brighter 使發光;使發亮
cheek n. either side of the face below the eye 面頰
extra a. additional 額加的，外加的
clean n. cleaning
bunch n. things of the same kind that are tied together (一)束，(一)串
marigold n. 萬壽菊(花)
packet n. small parcel box 小包(裹)
mint n. 薄荷糖
slipper n. 拖鞋
cardigan n. (羊毛)開衫
clatter n. a number of rapid short knocking sounds 咔嗒聲
granny n. (colloq. for)grandmother
envelope n. a paper cover for a letter 信封
unsealed a. 未密封的 seal vt. sealed a. 密封的
writing n. handwriting 書法;筆跡
pang n. sudden, sharp pain 劇痛
disappointment n. sadness because one does not get what one hopes for 失望 disappoint vt.
parcel n. 包裹
reluctantly ad. unwillingly 不情愿地，勉強地 reluctant a.
fold vt. bend into two or more parts 折疊
cheque n. 支票
flutter vt. move quickly to and fro in the air 飄動
stoop vi. bend the body forwards and downwards 彎腰
tremble vi. shake uncontrollably with quick short movements 顫抖
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
at other times on other occasions 在別的時候;平時
round / around the corner very near in distance or time 在附近;即將來臨
after all in spite of everything; it must be remembered 畢竟;終究
be sure of 對...有把握，確信
pick up take hold of and lift up from a surface 拿起，撿起
PROPER NAMES
Myra 邁拉(女子名)
Enid 伊妮德(女子名)
Morrison 莫里森(姓氏)
Grant 格蘭特(姓氏及男子名)
Johnnie 約翰尼(John的昵稱)
Unit Four: Turning off TV：A Quidt Hour
TEXT
Many people in the United States spend most of their free time watching television. Certainly, there are many worthwhile programs on television, including news, educational programs for children, programs on current social problems, plays, movies, concerts, and so on. Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much of their time in front of the TV. Mr Mayer imagines what we might do if we were forced to find other activities.
Turning off TV: a Quiet Hour
I would like to propose that for sixty to ninety minutes each evening, right after the early evening news, all television broadcasting in the United States be prohibited by law.
Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results be if such a proposal were accepted. Families might use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another. It is well known that many of our problems -- everything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness -- are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. We do not tell each other what is disturbing us. The result is emotional difficulty of one kind or another. By using the quiet family hour to discuss our problems, we might get to know each other better, and to like each other better.
On evenings when such talk is unnecessary, families could rediscover more active pastimes. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the sunset. Or they might take a walk together (remember feet?) and see the neighborhood with fresh, new eyes.
With free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading. There is more entertainment in a good book than in a month of typical TV programming. Educators report that the generation growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, even at the college level. Writing is often learned from reading. A more literate new generation could be a product of the quiet hour.
A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story. The quiet hour could become the story hour. When the quiet hour ends, the TV networks might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get us back from our newly discovered activities.
At first glance, the idea of an hour without TV seems radical. What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? How will we spend the time? But it is not radical at all. It has been only twenty-five years since television came to control American free time. Those of us thirty-five and older can remember childhoods without television, spent partly with radio -- which at least involved the listener's imagination -- but also with reading, learning, talking, playing games, inventing new activities. It wasn't that difficult. Honest. The truth is we had a ball.
NEW WORDS
worthwhile a. good enough for the time or effort needed; valuable 值得花時間(或精力)的;有價值的
program (me) n. performance on radio or television 節目
educational a. of or for education; providing education or information 教育的;有教育意義的
current a. of the present time 當前的
social a. of or in society 社會的
movie n. film that one sees at a cinema 電影
nevertheless conj. but; however 然而，不過
propose vt. suggest 建議
broadcasting n. the action of sending out sound (or images) by radio (or television) 廣播
prohibit v & n. forbid by law 禁止
proposal vt. suggestion 提議，建議
actually n. in actual fact, really 實際上
generation n. all the people about the same age (一)代
gap n. an empty space between two things or two parts of a thing; a wide difference of opinion, character, or the like 缺口，間隙;分歧，隔閡
divorce n. end of a marriage by law 離婚
rate n. 率
mental a. of the mind 精神的;思想上的
communicate vi. share or exchange opinions, ideas, etc. 交流意見，思想等
disturb vt. make (sb.) worried 使煩惱
emotional a. 感情的
pastime n. anything done to pass time pleasantly 消遣，娛樂
sunset n. the going down of the sun; the time when the sun goes down 日落(時分)
neighborhood n. the area around a point or place 鄰近地區;地段
adult n. 成年人
typical a. 典型的
educator n. a person whose profession is education 教育家
barely ad. hardly 僅僅，勉強;幾乎沒有
literate a. able to read and write 能讀寫的;有文化的
product n. sth. made or grown 產品
network n. 廣播(或電視)聯播公司;廣播(或電視)網
glance n. quick look 一瞥;掃視
radical a. extreme; very different 激進的
electronic a. 電子的
electron n.
baby-sitter n. someone who looks after a child when the parents are away for a short time (代人臨時)照看嬰兒
childhood n. time when one is a child 童年
partly ad. not completely; in some degree 部分地;在一定程度上
involve
vt. have as a part or result (必須)包括
imagination n. the ability to imagine 想像力
learning n. the gaining of knowledge or skill through studying; knowledge or skill gained through studying 學習;學問，知識
invent vt. produce (sth.) for the first time 發明
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
generation gap failure of the younger and older generations to communicate and understand one another 代溝
in part in some degree; partly 在一定程度上;部分地
grow up change from a child to a man or a woman 成長，長大
bring together cause to meet 使相聚
come up with think of; produce 想出;提出
at first glance when first seen or thought about 乍一看;最初考慮時
have a ball (sl.) enjoy oneself, have a very good time 玩得開心
PROPER NAMES
Mayer 邁耶(姓氏)
the United States 美國
Unit Five: A Miserable，Merry Christmas
TEXT
A miserable and merry Christmas? How could it be?
A Miserable, Merry Christmas
Christmas was coming. I wanted a pony. To make sure that my parents understood, I declared that I wanted noting else.
"Nothing but a pony?" my father asked.
"Nothing," I said.
"Not even a pair of high boots?"
That was hard. I did want boots, but I stuck to the pony. "No, not even boots."
"Nor candy? There ought to be something to fill your stocking with, and Santa Claus can't put a pony into a stocking,"
That was true, and he couldn't lead a pony down the chimney either . But no. "All I want is a pony," I said. "If I can't have a pony, give me nothing, nothing."
On Christmas Eve I hung up my stocking along with my sisters.
The next morning my sisters and I woke up at six. Then we raced downstairs to the fireplace. And there they were, the gifts, all sorts of wonderful things, mixed-up piles of presents. Only my stocking was empty; it hung limp; not a thing in it; and under and around it -- nothing. My sisters had knelt down, each by her pile of gifts; they were crying with delight, till they looked up and saw me standing there looking so miserable. They came over to me and felt my stocking: nothing.
I don't remember whether I cried at that moment, but my sisters did. They ran with me back to my bed, and there we all cried till I became indignant. That helped some. I got up, dressed, and driving my sisters away, I went out alone into the stable, and there, all by myself, I wept. My mother came out to me and she tried to comfort me. But I wanted no comfort. She left me and went on into the house with sharp words for my father.
My sisters came to me, and I was rude. I ran away from them. I went around to the front of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached. I was wronged, I was hurt. And my father must have been hurt, too, a little. I saw him looking out of the window. He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see now the anxiety upon on it, the worried impatience.
After an hour or two, I caught sight of a man riding a pony down the street, a pony and a brand-new saddle; the most beautiful saddle I ever saw, and it was a boy's saddle. And the pony! As he drew near, I saw that the pony was really a small horse, with a black mane and tail, and one white foot and a white star on his forehead. For such a horse as that I would have given anything.
But the man came along, reading the numbers on the houses, and, as my hopes -- my impossible hopes -- rose, he looked at our door and passed by, he and the pony, and the saddle. Too much, I fell upon the steps and broke into tears. Suddenly I heard a voice.
"Say, kid," it said, "do you know a boy named Lennie Steffens?"
I looked up. It was the man on the pony, back again.
"Yes," I spluttered through my tears. "That's me."
"Well," he said, "then this is your horse. I've been looking all over for you and your house. Why don't you put your number where it can be seen?"
"Get down," I said, running out to him. I wanted to ride.
He went on saying something about "ought to have got here at seven o'clock, but--"
I hardly heard, I could scarcely wait. I was so happy, so thrilled. I rode off up the street. Such a beautiful pony. And mine! After a while I turned and trotted back to the stable. There was the family, father, mother, sisters, all working for me, all happy. They had been putting in place the tools of my new business: currycomb, brush, pitchfork -- everything, and there was hay in the loft.
But that Christmas, which my father had planned so carefully, was it the best or the worst I ever knew? He often asked me that; I never could answer as a boy. I think now that it was both. It covered the whole distance from broken-hearted misery to bursting happiness -- too fast, A grown-up could hardly have stood it.
NEW WORDS
miserable
a. causing unhappiness; very unhappy 悲慘的
merry
a. cheerful, full of lively happiness, fun, etc. 歡樂的，愉快的
pony
n. a small horse 矮種馬;小馬
boot
n. 長統靴
candy
n. (AmE) sweets 糖果
sticking
n. 長(統)襪
chimney
n. 煙囪
eve
n. 前夕
fireplace
n. 壁爐
mixed-up
a. (different things) put together 混合的，混雜的
limp
a. soft; not stiff or firm 軟的;松沓的
kneel
v. go down or remain on the knee(S) 跪下
indignant
a. angry at sth. unfair 氣憤的;憤慨的
stable
n. building for keeping and feeding animals, esp. horses 馬廄
weep
v. cry 哭泣;流淚
rude
a. not at all polite 粗魯的，不禮貌的
wrong
vt. treat unjustly 委屈
curtain
n. 窗簾
lest
conj. for fear that 唯恐，以免
anxiety
n. fear caused by uncertainty about sth. 焦慮
impatience
n. inability to wait calmly 不耐煩，急躁
patience
n.
brand
n. 商標，牌子
brand-new
a. entirely new and unused 嶄新的
saddle
n. 馬鞍
mane
n. 馬鬃
forehead
n. that part of the face above the eyes and below the hair 前額
kid
n. child
splutter
v. speak quickly and confusedly (from excitement, etc.) 語無倫次地說
scarcely
ad. hardly, almost not 幾乎不，簡直不
scarce
a.
thrill
vt. excite greatly 使非常激動
trot
vi. run or ride slowly, with short steps (馬)小跑
currycomb
n. a special comb used to rub and clean a horse 馬梳
pitchfork
n. 干草叉
hay
n. dried grass 干草
loft
n. a room over a stable, where hay is kept 草料棚
broken-hearted
a. filled with grief; very sad 心碎的;極其傷心的
misery
n. the state of being very unhappy, poor, ill, lonely, etc. 悲慘;不幸;苦難
happiness
n. the state of being happy 快樂;幸福
grown-up
a. & n. (of) an adult person 成人(的)
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
make sure
ct so as to make something certain 確保;查明
nothing but
nothing other than; only 除了...以外沒有什么;僅僅，只不過
stick to
refuse to give up or change 堅持，不放棄
hang up
fix (sth,) at a high place so that it does not touch the ground 掛起
or something
(used when the speaker is not sure) 諸如此類
catch sight of
see suddenly or for a moment 看到，發現
draw near
mover near 接近
break into
suddenly start (to cry, laugh, etc.) 突然...起來
in place
in the right place 在適當的位置
PROPER NAMES
Santa Claus
圣誕老人
Christmas Eve
圣誕前夜
Lennie Steffens
倫尼.斯蒂芬斯
Unit Six : Sam Adams，Industrial Engineer
TEXT
San set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected.
Sam Adams, Industrial Engineer
If you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer, she'll tell you that I have always been one.
She means that I have always wanted everything to be well organized and neat. When I was still in elementary school, I liked to keep my socks in the upper left-hand drawer of my bureau, my underwear in the upper right drawer, shirts in the middle drawer, and pants, neatly folded, in the bottom drawer.
In fact, I was the efficiency expert for the whole family. I used to organize my father's tools, my mother's kitchen utensils, my sister's boyfriends.
I needed to be efficient. I wanted to be well organized. For me, there was a place for everything and everything was always in its place. These qualities gave me a good foundation for a career in industrial engineering.
Unfortunately, I was also a bit bossy and I wasn't a very good listener. You'll see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finished my bachelor's degree at the university.
After graduation I returned home to my small town in Indiana. I didn't have a job yet. Mr. Hobbs, a friend of my father's, owned a small shirt factory in town. Within the past five years it had grown from twenty to eighty workers. Mr. Hobbs was worried that his plant was getting too big and inefficient, so he asked me to come in on a short-term basis as a consultant.
I went to the plant and spent about a week looking around and making notes. I was really amazed at what I saw.
Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever. No one inspected the final product of the factory. As a result some of the shirts that were put in boxes for shipment were missing one or two buttons, the collar, even a sleeve sometimes!
The working conditions were poor. The tables where the workers sat were very high and uncomfortable. Except for a half hour at lunchtime, there were no breaks in the day to relieve the boring work. There was no music. The walls of the workrooms were a dull gray color. I was amazed that the workers hadn't gone on strike.
Furthermore, the work flow was irregular. There was one especially absent-minded young man in the assembly line who sewed on buttons. After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim," who used to sit behind me in math class in high school. He was very slow and all the shifts were held up at his position. Workers beyond him in line on his shift had to wait with nothing to do; therefore, a great deal of time and efficiency were lost as Big Jim daydreamed while he worked. All week I wondered why he wasn't fired.
After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. I covered my major points by telling him the following:
"If you have a quality control inspection, you will greatly improve your finished product."
"If the assembly line is redesigned, a smooth work flow can be achieved and time and energy can be saved."
"If you decrease the height of the worktables, the machine operators will work more comfortably."
"If the management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the factory will be much more productive."
"If the workers have a fifteen-minute coffee break in the morning and afternoon, they will be more efficient."
"If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater incentive to produce."
Mr. Hobbs thanked me for this report and told me he would talk over my suggestions with his brother, the co-owner and manager of the factory. "We're interested in progress here," he said. "We want to keep up with the times."
He also gave me a check for $ 100 and a box of shirts with his compliments.
NEW WORDS
efficiency
n. the state or quality of being efficient 效率
industrial
a. of industry 工業的
neat
a. orderly and clean 整潔的
elementary
a. of or for beginners 初等的，初級的
sock
n. 短襪
drawer
n. 抽屜
bureau
n. a chest of drawers for bedroom use 衣柜
underwear
n. 內衣
pants
n. trousers
expert
n. a person with special knowledge or skill 專家，能手
kitchen
n. room used for cooking 廚房
utensil
n. any tool or container used in the house, esp. for cooking 用具，器皿
quality
n. the degree of goodness which a thing or a person possesses 質量;品質
foundation
n. 基礎
career
n. profession; way of making a living 職業;生涯
engineering
n. 工程學;管理
unfortunately
ad. 不幸的是;遺憾的是
bossy
a. always telling other people what to do and how to do it, like a boss 愛指揮人的;專橫的
project
n. a piece of work; a big plan 項目;方案
bachelor
n. a person who had the first university degree 學士
graduation
n. completion of an educational course 畢業
graduate
vi.
short-term
a. involving or lasting a short period of time 短期的
basis
n. 基礎;根據
consultant
n. a person who gives professional or technical advice 顧問
consult
v.
amaze
vt. fill with great surprise or wonder 使大為驚訝，使驚愕
curious
a. strange 奇怪的
whatsoever
a. of any kind, at all 任何的，絲毫的
inspect
vt. examine 檢查
shipment
n. the act of wending, carrying or delivering goods 裝運。運送
miss
vt. be without; lack
button
n. 鈕扣
collar
n. 領子
sleeve
n. 袖子
relieve
vt. make less or easier 減輕
boring
a. uninteresting and tiresome 令人厭煩的
workroom
n. a room specially kept for working in 工場(間)
dull
a. not bright or clear 陰暗的
flow
n. a smooth steady movement or supply 流(動)
work flow
a. 工作流程
irregular
n. uneven; not continuous 不規則的，不穩定的
regular
n.
absent-minded
a. so concerned with one's thoughts as not to notice what is happening, what one doing, etc. 心不在焉
absent
a. not present
inspection
n. the act of examining (sth.) closely or in detail 檢查
assembly
n. 組裝;集會
assemble
v.
assembly line
n. 裝配線
shift
n. 班;輪班
daydream
v. have pleasant dreamlike thoughts (about) 做白日夢，空想
fire
vt. make (sb.) leave his job 解雇
observation
n. the act of watching carefully 觀察
observe
vt.
observe
n.
oral
a. spoken, not written 口(頭)的
findings
n. the results of any research or enquiry 調查(或研究)的結果
major
a. important 較大的;主要的
redesign
vt. 重新設計
design
vt. 設計
achieve
vt. get by effort (經努力)得到;實現
decrease
vt. make smaller or fewer 減少
worktable
n. a table at which work is done 工作臺
operator
n. a person who makes sth. work 操作人員
operate
vt.
management
n. 資方;管理(部門)
background
n. 背景
beautify
vt. make beautiful 美化，裝飾
setting
n. surroundings 環境
productive
a. producing much; able to produce 多產的;富有成效的
frequent
a. happening often 頻繁的
promotion
n. 提升;促進
promote
vt.
incentive
n. 刺激
suggestion
n. an idea or plan put forward for people to think about 建議
co-owner
n. a joint owner 共同所有者
manager
n. a person responsible for running a section of a business 經理
compliments
n. formal respects or greetings;賀詞;問候
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
find out
learn or discover 查明;發現
turn out
happen to be or found be in the end 結果是
quality control
the activity of checking that products are all of satisfactory standard and quality, usu. by testing samples of them 質量控制(管理)
as a result
because of 作這結果，因此
except for
apart from; with the exception of 除了...外
go on strike
refuse go continue working 罷工
hold up
delay 延遲，耽擱;阻礙
result in
have as a result; cause 結果是;導致
talk over
discuss 商量;討論
keep up with
go or move as fast as 跟上
PEOPER NAMES
San Adams
薩姆.亞當斯
Indiana
印第安納(美國州名)
Hobbs
霍布斯(姓氏)
Unit Seven: The Sampler
TEXT
The author finds out that good intentions alone are not enough when his attempt to be kind to an old man leaves them both feeling worse than before.
The Sampler
In a certain store where they sell puddings, a number of these delicious things are laid out in a row during the Christmas season. Here you may select the one which is most to your taste, and you are even allowed to sample them before coming to a decision.
I have often wondered whether some people, who had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege. One day I asked this question of the shop girl, and I learned it was indeed the case.
"Now there's one old gentleman, for instance," she told me, "he comes here almost every week and samples each one of the puddings, though he never buys anything, and I suspect he never will. I remember him from last year before that, too. Well, let him come if he wants it, and welcome to it. And what's more, I hope there are a lot more stores where he can go and get his share. He looks as if he needed it all right, and I suppose they can afford it."
She was still speaking when an elderly gentleman limped up to the counter and began looking closely at the row of puddings with great interest.
"Why, that's the very gentleman I've been telling you about," whispered the shop girl." Just watch him now." And then turning to him:" Would you like to sample them, sir? Here's spoon for you to use."
The elderly gentleman, who was poorly but neatly dressed, accepted the spoon and began eagerly to sample one after another of the puddings, only braking off occasionally to wipe his red eyes with a large torn handkerchief.
"This is quite good."
"This is not bad either, but a little too heavy."
All the time it was quite evident that he sincerely believed that he might eventually buy one of these puddings, and I am positive that he did not for a moment feel that he was in any way cheating the store. Poor old chap! Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all that was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.
Amidst the crowd of happy, prosperous looking Christmas shoppers, the little black figure of the old man seemed pitiful and out of place, and in a burst of benevolence, I went up to him and said:
"Pardon me, sir, will you do me a favor? Let me purchase you one of these puddings. It would give me such pleasure."
He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.
"Excuse me," he said, with more dignity than I would have thought possible considering his appearance, "I do not believe I have the pleasure of knowing you. Undoubtedly you have mistaken me for someone else." And with a quick decision he turned to the shop girl and said in a loud voice, "Kindly pack me up this one here. I will take it with me." He pointed at one of the largest and most expensive of the puddings.
The girl took down the pudding from its stand and started to make a parcel of it, while he pulled out a worn little black pocketbook and began counting out shillings and pennies on to the counter. To save his "honour" he had been forced into a purchase which he could not possibly afford. How I longed for the power to unsay my tactless words! It was too late though, and I felt that the kindest thing I could do now would be walk away.
"You pay at the desk," the shop girl was telling him, but he did not seem to understand and kept trying to put the coins into her hand. And that was the last I saw or the old man. Now he can never go there to sample pudding any more.
NEW WORDS
author
n. the writer of a book, article, play, poem, etc. 作者
intention
n. purpose 目的;意圖
sampler
n. one who finds out the quality of sth. by testing a part of it 品嘗家
pudding
n. 布丁(西餐中一種松軟的甜點心)
delicious
a. tasting or smelling pleasant 美味的，可口的
select
vt. choose from a group 挑選
selection
n.
sample
vt. test a part of 品嘗
purchase
n. buying
vt. buy
advantage
n. sth. useful or helpful 利益，好處;優點
privilege
n. special right given to a person 特權
instance
n. example, case 例子，實例
suspect
vt. feel doubt about; guess or suppose 懷疑;猜測
suspicion
n.
afford
vt. have the money for 擔負得起
elderly
a. near old age 上了年紀
limp
n. walk with an uneven step 跛行
counter
n. 柜臺
spoon
n. 調羹
eagerly
ad. with strong interest or impatient desire 熱切地，急切地
occasionally
ad. now and then; at times 偶爾;間或
occasional
a.
heavy
a. (of food, etc.) too rich to digest easily (食物等)太油膩而不易消化
evident
a. plain and clear (to the eye or mind) 明顯的，明白的
sincerely
ad. honestly 誠懇地
eventually
ad. in the end 終于，最終
positive
a. sure, certain 有把握的，確信的
cheat
vt. deceive 欺騙
chap
n. man; boy; fellow 男人;小伙子;家伙
amidst
prep. in the middle of; among 在...中間
crowd
n. 人群
prosperous
a. rich; successful 富裕的;成功的;昌盛的
prosperity
n.
figure
n. 外形，倫廓;體形
pitiful
a. making one feel pity 可憐的
benevolence
n. the desire to do good 仁慈
sting
vt. prick or hurt 刺，螫
wrinkle
v. (cause to) form into lines (使)起皺紋
dignity
n. calm and serious manner or style 尊嚴
appearance
n. that which can be seen; look 外表
pack
vt. put (things) into boxes, cases, etc. 把(東西)打包(或裝箱)
stand
n. (貨)架;(貨攤)
worn
a. damaged by use or wear 破爛的，損壞的
pocketbook
a. a wallet for money and personal papers 皮夾
shilling
n. 先令
long
vi. wish earnestly 渴望
unsay
vt. take back (sth. that has been said) 收回(說過的話)
tactless
a. 不策略的
coin
n. metal money 硬幣
PHEASES & EXPRESSIONS
lay out
spread out 陳列
in a row
side by side in a neat line 成一長行
to one's taste
in a way that one likes 合...口味，中...的意
take advantage of
use (sth.) for one's own benefit 利用
for instance
for example
and what's more
also, and more importantly 而且，更重要的是
all right
certainly; beyond doubt 確實，無疑地
break off
pause 中止，中斷
come down (in the world)
become poor; lose social position 落泊，潦倒;失勢
out of place
improper (for one's surroundings) 不適當的;不相稱的
do sb. a favo(u)r
do sth. kind to sb. 給某人以恩惠;幫某人忙
mistake...for
think wrongly that (sth. or sb.) is (sth. or sb. else) 把...錯認為
pull out
take out 抽出，取出
count out
count (things) one by one 逐一數出
long for
wish very much for 渴望
Unit Eight : Yoe Go Your Way，I'll Go Mine
TEXT
A young boy faces the impossible task of trying to soften the blow of tragic mews.
You Go Your Way, I'll Go Mine
The messenger got off his bicycle in front of the house of Mrs. Rosa Sandoval. He went to the door and knocked gently. He knew almost immediately that someone was inside the house. He could not hear anything, but he was sure the knock was bringing someone to the door and he was most eager to see who this person would be -- his woman named Rosa Sandoval who was now to heat of murder in the world and to feel it in herself. The door was not a long time opening, but there was no hurry in the way it moved on its hinges. The movement of the door was as if, whoever she was, she and nothing in the world to fear. Then the door was open, and there she was.
To Homer the Mexican woman was beautiful. He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile. But like all people who never receive telegrams the appearance of a messenger at the front door is full of terrible implication. Homer knew that Mrs. Rosa Sandoval was shocked to see him. Her first word was the first word of all surprise. She said "Oh," as if instead of a messenger she had thought of opening the door to someone she had know a long time and would be pleased to sit down with. Before she spoke again she studied Homer's eyes and Homer Knew that she knew the message was not a welcome one.
"You have a telegram?" she said.
It wasn't Homer's fault. His work was to deliver telegrams. Even so, it seemed to him that he was part of the whole mistake. He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. At the same time he wanted to come right out and say, "I'm only a messenger, Mrs. Sandoval, I'm very sorry I must bring you a telegram like this, but it is only because it is my work to do so."
"Who is it for?" the Mexican woman said.
"Mrs. Rosa Sandoval, 1129 G Street." Homer said. He extended the telegram to the Mexican woman, but she would not touch it.
"Are you Mrs. Sandoval?" Homer said.
"Please," the woman said. "Please come in. I cannot read English. I am Mexican. I read only La Prensa which comes from Mexico City." She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house.
"Please," she said, "what does the telegram say?"
"Mrs. Sandoval," the messenger said, "the telegram says --"
But now the woman interrupted him. "But you must open the telegram and read it to me," she said. "You have not opened it."
"Yes, ma'am," Homer said as if he were speaking to a school teacher who had just corrected him.
He opened the telegram with nervous fingers. The Mexican woman stooped to pick up the torn envelope, and tried to smooth it out. As she did so she said, "Who sent the telegram -- my son Juan Domingo?"
"No, ma'am." Homer said. "The telegram is from the War Department."
"War Department?" the Mexican woman said.
"Mrs. Sandoval," Homer said swiftly, "your son is dead. Maybe it's a mistake, Everybody makes a mistake, Mrs. Sandoval. Maybe it wasn't your son. Maybe it was somebody else. The telegram says it was Juan Domingo. But maybe the telegram is wrong,"
The Mexican woman pretended not to hear.
"Oh, do not be afraid," she said. "Come inside. Come inside. I will bring you candy." She took the boy's arm and brought him to the table at the center of the room and there she made him sit.
"All boys like candy," she said. "I will bring you candy." She went into another room and soon returned with an old chocolate candy box. She opened the box at the table and in it Homer saw a strange kind of candy.
"Here," she said. "Eat this candy. All boys like candy."
Homer took a piece of the candy from the box, put it into his mouth, and tried to chew.
"You would not bring me a bad telegram," she said. "You are a good boy -- like my little Juanito when he was a little boy. Eat another piece." And she made the messenger take another piece of the candy.
Homer sat chewing the dry candy while the Mexican woman talked. "It is our own candy," she said, "from cactus. I made it for my Juanito when he come home, but you eat it. You are my boy, too."
Now suddenly she began to sob, holding herself in as if weeping were a disgrace. Homer wanted to get up and run, but he knew he would stay. He even thought he might stay the rest of his life. He just didn't know what else to do to try to make the woman less unhappy, and if she had asked him to take the place of her son, he would not have been able to refuse, because he would not have known how. He got to his feet, as if by standing he meant to begin correcting what could not be corrected and then he knew the foolishness of this intention and became more awkward than ever. In his heart he was saying over and over again, "What can I do? What the hell can I do? I'm only the messenger."
NEW WORDS
soften
v. (cause to) become soft(er) or gentle (使)軟化;(使)溫和
tragic
a. very sad, unfortunate; of or related to tragedy 悲慘的;悲劇的
messenger
n. a person employed to deliver telegrams, letters or parcels 送信人，電報投遞員
gently
ad. softly 輕輕地
immediately
a. at once
immediate
a.
eager
a. marked by strong interest or impatient desire 熱切的，渴望的
hinge
n. 鉸鏈
whoever
pron. no matter who 無論誰，不管誰
saintly
a. like a saint; very holy 像圣徒一樣的;圣潔的
implication
n. 含義
imply
vt.
shock
vt. cause unpleasant or angry surprise to (sb.) 使(某人)震驚
deliver
vt. take (sth.) to the place where it esp. sth. bad 交付，遞送
awkward
a. uncomfortable 尷尬的
responsible
a. having done or been the cause of esp. sth. bad(應)負責的
Mexican
n & a. 墨西哥人;墨西哥(人)的
extend
vt. hold out 伸出
pause
vi. stop for a short time 暫停，中止
interrupt
vt. stop (sb. speaking) by breaking in 打斷(某人講話)
nervous
a. 神經質的;緊張的
ma'am
madam (used in direct address) 夫人，太太，小姐
smooth
vt. make smooth or smoother 把...弄平
department
n. 部門;系
swiftly
ad. rapidly, quickly 快速地;敏捷地
swift
a.
chocolate
n. 巧克力(糖)
chew
vt. crush (food) with the teeth 咀嚼
cactus
n. 仙人掌
sob
vi. cry with short, quick breaths 啜泣;嗚咽
disgrace
n. shame 恥辱;丟臉的人(或事)
unhappy
a. not happy
hell
n. 地獄
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
hear of
have knowledge of or receive information about 聽到，聽說
be responsible for
be the cause of 應對...負責的
come out (with)
speak out 大聲地說，清楚地說
smooth out
make smooth(er)
hold oneself in
control one's feelings
take the place of
act or be used instead of, replace 代替，取代
get to one's feel
stand up
over and over again
very often, repeatedly 反復地，再三地
PROPER NAMES
Rosa Sandoval
羅莎.桑多瓦爾
Homer
霍默
Mexico City
墨西哥城(墨西哥首都)
Juan Domingo
胡安 多明哥
the War Department
(美國)陸軍部(舊稱)
Juanito
胡安尼特(Juan的昵稱)
Unit Nine：The Brain
TEXT
Throughout the ages different ideas have been expressed about the working of the human brain. It is only recently, however, that science has begun to give us some idea of how the brain really works.
The Brain
The Most Powerful
Computer in the Universe
Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body -- the brain.
In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the centre of mental activity. Aristotle the philosopher of ancient Greece thought that the mind was based in the heart. It was not until the 18th century that man realised that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.
During the 19th century scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were damaged men lost the ability to do certain things. And so, people thought that each part of the brain controlled a different activity. But modern research has found that this is not so. It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does.
In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated that they had thought. In fact many people believe that we are only now really starting to learn the truth about how the human brain works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over 100,000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second. Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. Some recent research also suggests that we remember everything that happens to us. We may not be able to recall this information, but it is all stored in our brains.
Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to. For example, how do we learn language? Man differs most from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use language but we still do not know exactly how this is dine. Some children learn to speak and read and write when they are very young compared to average children. But scientists are not sure why this happens. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.
Earlier scientists thought that during a man's lifetime the power of his brain decreased. But it is now thought that this is not so. As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power. It has been found that an old person who has always been mentally active has a quicker mind than a young person who has done only physical work. It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.
Other people now believe that we use only 1% of our brains' full potential. They say that the only limit on the power of the brain is the limit of what we think is possible. This is probably because of the way we are taught as children. When we first start learning to use our minds we are told what to do, for example, to remember certain facts, but we are not taught how our memory works and how to make that best use of it. We are told to make noted hut we are not taught how our brains accept information and which is the best way to organise the information we want our brains to accept.
This century man has made many discoveries about the universe -- the world outside himself. But he has also started to look into the workings of that other universe which is inside himself -- the human brain.
NEW WORDS
computer
n. machine that stores information and works out answers 計算機
universe
n. 宇宙
complex
a. difficult to understand or explain 錯綜復雜的，難懂的
ancient
a. in or of times long ago 古代的;古老的
philosopher
n. 哲學家
philosophy
n. 哲學
involve
vt. cause to become connected or concerned 使卷入
working
n. (usu. pl.) operation; action 運轉，運行，活動
ability
n. 能力
exactly
ad. with complete connected or concerned 確切地;精確地
amount
n. 數量，數額
chemist
n. one who studies and understands chemistry 化學家
biologist
n. one who studies the life of animals and plants 生物學家
biology
n. 生物學
complicated
n. difficult to understand, complex 難懂的;復雜的
chemical
a. of chemistry
unable
a. not able
reaction
n. 反應
mathematician
n. one who studies and understands mathematics 數學家
equip
n. 設備，裝置
kilo = kilogram
公斤，千克
recent
a. done or made not long ago 近來的
recall
vt. remember 記得;回憶起
differ
vi. be different (from)
mentally
ad. 智力上，腦力上
physical
a. of the body; of matter; of the science of physics 身體的;物質的;物理學的
potential
n. 潛力
limit
n. 局限，限度
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
put...to (good) use
use (in a profitable) (好好)利用
differ from
be dissimilar to 與...不同
compared to / with
in comparison with 與...相比
make notes
take notes 記筆記
look into
examine 調查，觀察
PROPER NAMES
Aristotle
亞里士多德
Greece
希臘
Unit Ten ：Going Home
TEXT
I first heard this story a few years ago from a girl I had met in New York's Greenwich Village. Probably the story is one of those mysterious bits of folklore that reappear every few year, to be told anew in one form or another. However, I still like to think that it really did happen, somewhere, sometime.
Going Home
They were going to Fort Lauderdale -- three boys and three girls -- and when they boarded the bus, they were carrying sandwiches and wine in paper bags, dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the gray, cold spring of Now York vanished behind them.
As the bus passed through New Jersey, they began to notice Vingo. He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his age. He kept chewing the inside of his lip a lot, frozen into complete silence.
Deep into the night, outside Washington, the bus pulled into Howard Johnson's, and everybody got off except Vingo. He sat rooted in his seat, and the young people began to wonder about him, trying to imagine his life: perhaps he was a sea captain, a runaway from his wife, an old soldier going home. When they went back to the bus, one of the girls sat beside him and introduced herself.
"We're going to Florida," she said brightly. "I hear it's really beautiful."
"It is," he said quietly, as if remembering something he had tried to forget.
"Want some wine?" she said. He smiled and took a swig from the bottle. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence. After a while, she went back to the others, and Vingo nodded in sleep.
In the morning, they awoke outside another Howard Johnson's, and this time Vingo went in. The girl insisted that he join them. He seemed very shy, and ordered black coffee and smoked nervously as the young people chattered about sleeping on beaches. When they returned to the bus, the girl sat with Vingo again, and after a while, slowly and painfully, he began go tell his story. He had been in jail in New York for the past four years, and now he was going home.
"Are you married?"
"I don't know."
"You don't know?" she said.
"Well, when I was in jail I wrote to my wife," he said. "I told her that I was going to be away a long time, and that if she couldn't stand it, if the kids kept askin' questions, if it hurt her too much, well, she could jus forget me. I'd understand. Get a new guy , I said -- she's a wonderful woman, really something -- and forget about me. I told her she didn't have to write me. And she didn't. Not for three and a half years."
"And you're going home now, not knowing?"
"Yeah," he said shyly. "Well, last week, when I was sure the parole was coming through, I wrote the again. We used to live in Brunswick, just Before Jacksonville, and there's a big oak tree just as you come into town, I told her that if she didn't have a new guy and if she'd take me back, she should put a yellow handkerchief on the tree, and I'd get off and come home. If she didn't want me, forget it -- no handkerchief, and I'd go on through."
"Wow," the girl exclaimed. "Wow."
She told the others, and soon all of them were in it, caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children -- the woman handsome in a plain way, the children still unformed in the much-handled snapshots.
Now they were 20 miles from Brunswick, and the young people took over window seats on the right side, waiting for the approach of the great oak tree. Vingo stopped looking, tightening his face, as id fortifying himself against still another disappointment.
Then Brunswick was 10 miles, and then five. Then, suddenly, all of the young people were up out of their seats, screaming and shouting and crying, doing small dances of joy. All except Vingo.
Vingo sat there stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs -- 20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds, a tree that stood like a banner of welcome billowing in the wind. As the young people shouted, the old con slowly rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home.
NEW WORDS
mysterious
a. strange 神密的
mystery
n.
folklore
n. 民間傳說
reappear
vi. appear again after an absence 再(出)現
anew
ad. in a new or different way; again 重新;再
sometime
ad. at some uncertain or unstated time 某個時候
tide
n. 潮汐
vanish
vi. disappear
ill-fitting
a. 不合身的
dusty
a. covered with dust 滿是灰塵的
mask
vt. hide 遮蓋;掩蓋
root
v. (cause to) be fixed and unmoving (使)生根;(使)固定
runaway
n. a person that has left home or escaped 逃跑者，出逃者
brightly
ad. in a bright manner, cheerfully 歡快地，高興地
swing
n. a long and large drink 痛飲
retreat
vi. go back; withdraw 退縮;退卻，撤退
chatter
vi. talk fast and noisily about sth. unimportant 喋喋不休
painfully
ad. in great discomfort 痛苦地
painful
a.
jail
n. prison 監獄
guy
n. (AmE sl.) man; fellow 人;家伙
yeah
ad. (AmE) yes
parole
n. conditional release from prison 假釋
oak
n. 橡樹
wow
interj. an expression of surprise 哇，呀
exclaim
vt. Cry out suddenly because of surprise, anger, pain, etc. 驚叫，叫喊說
approach
n. coming near or nearer 接近，臨近
unformed
a. immature 發育未全的
handle
vt. touch, feel or use (sth) with the hand(s) 觸，摸，撫弄
snapshot
n. 快照
tighten
v. make strong (使)變緊;(使)繃緊
stun ]
vt. shock or surprise 增強;給...以勇氣
banner
n. flag 旗，旗幟
billow
vi. wave (波浪)翻騰;波浪般起伏
con
n. convict 囚犯
PHRASES & EXPRSSIONS
dream of
wish for ardently 向往，渴望
pull into
enter, arrive at (車等)駛入;到達
take back
agree to receive sb. whom one has dismissed 允許...回來，接受
come through
arrive as expected 如所預料地到來
be caught up in
be very interested in 對...入迷
take over
occupy 占用;接管
make one's way
move along 去，前往
PROPER NAMES
Greenwich Village
格林尼治村(紐約市)
Fort Lauderdale
洛德代爾堡(佛羅里達州)
New Jersey
新澤西(美國州名)
Vingo
文(姓氏)
Howard Johnson
霍華德.約翰遜
Florida
佛羅里達(美國州名)
Brunswick
布倫斯威克(佐治亞洲)
Jacksonville
杰克遜維爾(佛羅里達州)
SECTION TWO
Unit One：Is There Life on Earth?
TEXT
It is humorous essay. But after reading it you will surely find that the author is most serious in writing it.
Ts There Life on Earth?
There was great excitement on the planet of Venus this week. For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the plant Earth, and is has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since.
The satellite was directed into an area know as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago).
Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. A press conference was held at the Venus Institute of Technology.
"We have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing," Prof. Zog said, "that there is no life on Earth."
"How do you know this?" the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked.
"For one thing, Earth's surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete and nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breather this air and survive."
"What does this mean as far as our flying sauce program is concerned?"
"We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means a much heavier flying saucer than we originally planned."
"Are there any other hazards that you discovered in your studier?"
"Take a look at this photo. You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of Earth? We call this the Consolidated Edison Belt. We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there."
"Over here you will notice what seems to be a river, but the satellite findings indicate it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink. This means we shall have to carry our own water, which will add even greater weight to the saucer."
"Sir, what are all those tiny black spots on the photographs?"
"We're not certain. They seem to be metal particles that move along certain paths. They emit gases, make noise and keep crashing into each other. There are so many of these paths and so many metal particles that it is impossible to land a flying saucer without its being smashed by one."
"What are those stalagmite projections sticking up?"
"They're some type of granite formations that give off light at night. Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies."
"If all you say is true, won't this set back the flying saucer program several years?"
"Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds."
"Prof. Zog, why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth when there is no life there?
"Because if we Venusians can learn to breathe in an Earth atmosphere, then we can live anywhere."
NEW WORDS
humorous
a. funny; that makers people laugh 幽默的
humor
n.
essay
n. 散文，隨筆
excitement
n. the state or quality of being excited
planet
n. large body in space that moves round a star esp. round the sun 行星
Venusian
a. of or having to do with the plant Venus 金星的
n. supposed Venus being 金星人
satellite
n. spacecraft that goes round the planet earth and sends back radio and television signals; heavenly body that goes round a plant (人造)衛星
signal
n. 信號;暗號
astronomer
n. person who studies the science of the sun, moon, stars and planets
天文學家
telescope
n. instrument with special glasses used for seeing distant things
extremely
ad. very 極端，非常
extreme
a.
feasibility
ad. possibility of being carried or done 可行性
feasible
a.
manned
a. occupied by one or more persons 載人的
saucer
n. 淺碟;茶托
flying saucer
n. 飛碟
conference
n. meeting
press conference
n. meeting arranged by an important person to which news reporters are invited to listen to a statement or ask questions 記者招待會
technology
n. 技術
conclusion
n. decision of opinion reached by reasoning 結論
conclude
v.
reporter
v. person who gathers news for a newspaper, magazine, or radio or TV station 記者
compose
vt. make up, form 組成，構成
concrete
n. building material made by mixing cement with sand, small stones and water 混凝土
atmosphere
n. all the gasses round the earth; air in a place 大氣;空氣
carbon
n. 碳
monoxide
n. 一氧化物
deadly
a. causing death; likely to cause death 致命的
gas
n. 氣體
survive
vi. remain alive; continue to live or exist 活下來;幸存
vt. remain alive after; live longer than 經歷...后還活著;比...活得長
survival
n.
program
n. plan of what it to be done 計劃
concern
vt. be of importance or interest to; have an effect on 涉及，關系到
oxygen
n. 氧，氧氣
originally
ad. formerly 起初，原來
original
a.
hazard
n. danger
hover
vi. stay in or near one place in the air 盤旋
consolidated
a. untied; combined 聯合的
consolidate
vt.
belt
n. area that has some special quality; zone (地)帶
indicate
vt. show
indication
n.
pollute
vt. make (air, water, soil, etc.) dirty with manmade waste 污染
pollution
n.
unfit
a. not good enough; not suitable
particle
n. 粒子;微粒
emit
vt. send out 散發，射出
emission
n.
crash
v. (cause to) break into pieces violently 墜落;猛撞
smash
v. (cause to) break into pieces violently (使)碎裂
stalagmite
n. 石筍
projection
n. sth. that stands out from a surface 凸出物
type
n. a particular kind, class or group 類型，種類
granite
n. hard grey stone used for building 花崗巖
formation
n. sth. that is formed; way in which sth. is formed 形成(物)
skyscraper
n. very tall building 摩天大樓
scrape
vt. rub with sth. rough or sharp 刮，擦
proceed
vi. continue after having stopped (停頓后)繼續進行
fund
n. sum of money set apart or available for a special purpose 資金;基金
billion
n. one thousand million
zilch
n. zero; nothing at all
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
(be) known as
also publicly called; named 以...聞名，通常名叫
name after
give the same name as 以...名字命名
as to
about, concerning 關于
base on / upon
use as a basis or foundation for 以...為基礎，把...基于
for one thing ... (for another)
in the first place... (in the second place)
be composed of
have as members or parts 由...組成
as far as ... be concerned
to the degree that it matters to 就...而言
stick up
stand upright; project 直立;突出
give off
emit; send out 發出;散發出
set back
delay the advance of development of 耽擱;阻礙
PEOPER NAMES
Art Buchwald
阿特.布奇沃德
Venus
金星
Manhattan
曼哈頓(紐約市中心)
Zog
佐格(姓氏)
Edison
愛迪生(姓氏)
Glom
格洛姆(姓氏)
Unit Two：The Dinner Party
TEXT
A heated discussion about whether men are braver than women is settled in a rather unexpected way.
The Dinner Party
I first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true -- though any naturalist would know it couldn't be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down.
The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests -- officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist -- in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.
A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't.
"A woman's reaction in any crisis," the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts."
The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room.
Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors.
The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing -- bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters -- the likeliest place -- but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left -- under the table.
His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone.
"I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred -- that's five minutes -- and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready?"
The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying "...two hundred and eighty..." when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.
"You were right, Major!" the host exclaims. "A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control."
"Just a minute," the American says, turning to his hostess. "Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?"
A faint smile lights up the woman's face as she replies: "Because it was crawling across my foot."
NEW WORDS
heated
a. with strong, excited, and often angry feelings 熱烈的;激烈的
unexpected
a. not expected 意外的
naturalist
n. one who makes a special study of plants or animals outdoors 博物學家(尤指直接觀察動植物者)
shortly
ad. Soon; (in) a little time 不久，馬上
colonial]
a. of or related to a colony or colonies 殖民地的
spacious
a. big; having much space 廣闊的;寬闊的
dining
n. 餐廳
bare
a. not covered (with a carpet); empty 不鋪地毯的;赤裸的;光禿的
marble
n. 大理石
rafter
n. one of the sloping beams that support 椽
onto
prep. to a position or point on 到...之上; 向...之上
veranda
n. 陽臺
spirited
a. full of spirit; lively
outgrow
vt. leave behind, as one grows older or more mature 長大得使...不再適用; 成長得不再要
mouse
n. 鼠
era
n. 時代，年代
major
n. 少校
crisis
n. time of difficulty, danger, etc. 危機
ounce
n. 盎司;少量
argument
n. discussion by persons who disagree; dispute 爭論;辯論
hostess
n. 女主人
muscle
n. 肌肉
contract
vi. become shorter or smaller 收縮
contraction
n.
slightly
ad. a little 稍微地
slight
a.
motion
vi. give a signal by moving the hand or head 打手勢;點(或搖)頭示意
widen
v. make or become wider
bait
n. food used to attract fish, animals, or birds so that they may be caught 誘餌
cobra
n. poisonous snake found in India and Africa 眼鏡蛇
likely
a. probable 可能的
impulse
n. sudden wish to do sth. 沖動
commotion
n. noisy confusion or excitement 混亂;騷動
tone
n. quality of voice or music 語氣;音調
commanding
a. authoritative 威嚴的
forfeit
vt. suffer the loss of (sth.) as a punishment (作為懲罰而)失去
rupee
n. monetary unit of India, Pakistan, etc. 盧比
image
n. statue 雕像
emerge
vi. come or appear (from somewhere)
emergence
n.
slam
vt. shut loudly and with force 砰地關上
host
n. man who receives guests 男主人
faint
a. weak, indistinct 微弱的;不明顯的
crawl
vi move slowly by pulling the body along the ground 爬行
Unit Three：Lesson from Jefferson
TEXT
Jefferson died long ago, but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.
Lessons from Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at last one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:
Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.
You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, "You must go into the people's homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."
Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people's opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything," he wrote to his nephew, "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."
Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."
Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."
Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society," he said, "can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. "How much pain," he remarked, "has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind."
Jefferson's courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.
Of all Jefferson's many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal…"
When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.
NEW WORDS
declaration
n. document containing an open public announcement 宣言
independence
n. freedom from the control of others 獨立
obtain
vt. get through effort 獲得
source
n. place from which sth. comes; place where a river starts (來)源;源頭
personal
a. done in person; belonging to a person 親自的;個人的
investigation
n. detailed or careful examination 調查
investigate
vt.
appoint
vt. put (sb.) in a position 任命
appointment
n.
committee
n. a group of people chosen for special duties 委員會
capitol
n. (美國)州議會大廈
canoe
n. light boat moved by a paddle 獨木舟
on-the-spot
a. at the place of the action 現場的
humble
a. low in position 地位低下的
origin
n. parentage; birth; beginning 血統;出身;起源
gardener
n. person who works in a garden either for pay or as a hobby 園丁
waiter
n. person who serves food to the tables in a restaurant (男)侍者
nobleman
n. 貴族
dissatisfy
vt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 使不滿
threaten
vt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 威脅
threat
n.
reject
vt. refuse to take, believe, use of consider 拒絕
rejection
n.
nephew
n. the son of one's brother or sister
error
n. mistake; sth. done wrongly
false
a. not true or correct
judgment
n. opinion 判斷， 看法
hesitate
vi. feel doubtful; be undecided 猶豫，遲疑不決
hesitation
n.
prefer
vt. like better; choose (one thing) rather than (another) 更喜歡;寧愿
preference
n.
latter
a. nearer to the end 后面的;后半的
n. the second of two persons or things just spoken of 后者
conflict
n. be opposed; clash 沖突
n. disagreement; clash; fight
unquestioning
a. given or done without question or doubt
agreement
n. having the same opinion(s); thinking in the same way 同意;一致的
criticism
n. unfavourable remarks of judgments 批評
critic
n. person who makes judgments about the good and bad qualities of sth.; person who points out mistakes 評論家;批評者
criticize
vt.
philosophy
n. 哲學
resent
vt. feel angry or bitter at 對...忿恨;對...不滿
action
n. the process of doing things; sth. done 行動過程;行動
custom
n. 習慣,風俗
perpetual
a. never-ending; going on for a long time or without stopping 永恒的;連續不斷的
constitution
n. 憲法;章程
living
a. alive now 活(著)的
remark
vt. say; comment 說;評論說
n. 話語;評論
evil
n. sth. bad; sin 邪惡,罪惡
a. very bad 邪惡的,壞的
idealism
n. 理想主義;唯心主義
arch(a)eology
n. study of ancient things, esp. remains of prehistoric times 考古學
rotation
n. 輪作;旋轉
rotate
v.
conservation
n. protecting from loss of from being used up 保護;保存
conserve
vt.
superior
a. good or better in quality or value 較好的;優的
superiority
n.
existence
n. the state of existing 存在
influence
vt. have an effect on 影響
architecture
n. art and science of building 建筑術;建筑學
constantly
ad. continuously; frequently 不斷地;經常地
constant
a.
perform
vt. do, carry out 做,履行
talent
n. special natural ability 才能,天資
central
a. chief; main; most important 主要的
tireless
a. never or rarely getting tired
writer
n. a person who writes esp. as a way of earning money 作家
publish
vt. have (a book, etc.) printed and put on sale 出版
volume
n. book, esp. one of a set of books 卷;冊
thrill
vi. have a very exciting feeling 非常激動
self-evident
a. clear without proof 不言而喻的
create
vt. make (sth. that has not been made before) 創造
creation
n.
anniversary
n. the yearly return of a special date 周年紀念日
countryman
n. a person from one's own country 周胞
legacy
n. sth. that one person leaves to another when he dies 遺產
owe
vt. 欠(債等);應把...歸功于
debt
n. something owed to someone else 債(務)
educate
vt. train; teach how to read, write, think, etc.
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
go out of one's way (to do sth.)
take particular trouble; make a special effort 特地
leave...to
leave sb. in charge of 交托,委托
act on
act according to 按照...行事
leave behind
abandon; fall to take or bring 丟棄;留下,忘帶
in existence
existing 存在
above all
most important of all 首先,尤其是
PROPER NAMES
Bruce Bilven
布魯斯.布利文
Thomas Jefferson
托馬斯.杰斐遜
George Washington
喬治.華盛頓
Abraham Lincoln
亞伯拉罕.林肯
the Declaration of Independence
《獨立宣言》
the James River
詹姆斯河
Lafayette
拉斐特
France
法國
Heaven
上帝;天堂
Philadelphia
費城(美國港市)
Unit Four：My First Job
TEXT
Trying to make some money before entering university, the author applies for a teaching job. But the interview goes from bad to worse...
My First Job
While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
However, three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for an interview. It proved an awkward journey: a train to Croydon station; a ten-minute bus ride and then a walk of at least a quarter to feel nervous.
The school was a red brick house with big windows, The front garden was a gravel square; four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, where they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main from a busy main road.
It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. He was short and fat. He had a sandy-coloured moustache, a wrinkled forehead and hardly any hair.
He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone. 'Ah yes,' he grunted. 'You'd better come inside.' The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage; the walls were dirty with ink marks; it was all silent. His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dining-room. 'You'd better sit down,' he said, and proceeded to ask me a number of questions: what subjects I had taken in my General School Certificate; how old I was; what games I played; then fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked me whether I thought games were a vital part of a boy's education. I mumbled something about not attaching too much importance to them. He grunted. I had said the wrong thing. The headmaster and I obviously had very little in common.
The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to thirteen. I should have to teach all subjects except art, which he taught himself. Football and cricket were played in the Park, a mile away on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons.
The teaching set-up filled me with fear. I should have to divide the class into three groups and teach them in turn at three different levels; and I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry-two subjects at which I had been completely incompetent at school. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.
I said shyly, 'What would my salary be?' 'Twelve pounds a week plus lunch.' Before I could protest, he got to his feet. 'Now', he said, 'you'd better meet my wife. She's the one who really runs this school.'
This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.
NEW WORDS
apply
vi. write to ask for (a job, membership. etc.), esp. officially 申請
application
n.
interview
n. 面試;接見;會見
advertise
vt. make know to people by printing a notice in a newspaper, etc. or by broadcasting on television, ets. 為...做廣告
advertisement
n.
local
of, special to, a place or district 當地的;地方性的
post
n. job or position 職位
suburb
n. outer area of a town or city, where people live 郊區
slim
a. small, slight; slender 微小的;苗條的
depress
vt. make sad 使沮喪
depression
n.
brick
n. 磚
gravel
n. 礫石
evergreen
a. with green leaves throughout the year 常綠的
shrub
n. low bush with several woody stems 灌木
fume
n. strong-smelling smoke, gas or vapour 濃烈難聞的煙,氣,汽
headmaster
n. (中,小學的)校長
sandy-coloured
a. yellowish-red 沙色的,黃中帶紅的
moustache
n. hair growing on the upper lip 小胡子
disapproval
n. unfavorable opinion or feeling; dislike 不贊成;不滿
colonel
n. 上校
private
n. soldier of the lowest rank 列兵;士兵
bootlace
n. shoelace for a high shoe or boot 靴帶
undo
vt. untie, unfasten 解開;松開
ah
interj. (a cry of surprise, pity, pain, joy, dislike, etc.) 啊
grunt
vt. 咕噥著說出
unpleasantly
ad. 令人不愉快地
stale
a. not fresh 不新鮮的
cabbage
n. 卷心菜
crumb
n. very small, broken piece of bread or cake 面包屑;糕餅屑
carpet
n. heavy woven material fir covering floors or stairs 地毯
certificate
n. 證(明)書
bloodshot
a. (眼睛)充血的
vital
a. very necessary; of the greatest importance 必不可少的,極其重要的
mumble
vt. speak (words) unclearly 含糊地說
attach
vt. give (to); fasten (to) 把...給予;系,貼
importance
n. the quality of being important
obviously
ad. it can be easily seen; plainly 明顯地，顯然
obvious
a.
consist (of)
vi. be made up (of) 組成，構成
range
vi. vary between certain limits (在一定的范圍內)變動
cricket
n. 板球
set-up
n. arrangement
dismay
vt. make discouraged or afraid 使灰心，使害怕
algebra
n. 代數學
geometry
n. 幾何學
incompetent
a. completely unskillful; not good enough at doing a job, etc. 無能力的;不勝任的
competent
a. opposite of incompetent
leisure
n. free time; time which one can spend as one likes 閑暇;悠閑
salary
n. fixed (usually monthly) pay for regular work 薪水
plus
prep. with the addition of 加(上)
protest
vi. express a strong objection 抗議;反對
straw
n. 稻草;麥桿
prospect
vi. sth. expected or considered probable; possibility 期望中的事;展望;前景
constitute
vt. form; make up; be 組成，構成
ultimate
a. greatest; utmost; last or final 最大的;終極的，最終的
indignity
n. injury to one's dignity; insult 侮辱
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
be short of
not having enough of 缺少
smell of
have, give out the smell of 有...的氣味
judging by
forming an opinion based on
attach importance to
consider important 重視
in common
shared with someone else 共有的,共同的
consist of
be made up of
in turn
one after another 輪流
PROPER NAMES
London
倫敦(英國首都)
Croydon
克洛伊登(英國地名)
Unit Five：The Professor and the Yo-Yo
TEXT
Seen through the eyes of a young friend Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man.
The professor and the Yo-yo
My father was a close friend of Albert Einstein. As a shy young visitor to Einstein's home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said, "I have something to show you." He went to his desk and returned with a Yo-Yo. He tried to show me how it worked but he couldn't make it roll back up the string. When my turn came, I displayed my few tricks and pointed out to him that the incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance. Einstein nodded, properly impressed by my skill and knowledge. Later, I bought a new Yo-Yo and mailed it to the Professor as a Christmas present, and received a poem of thanks.
As boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein. He was the only person I knew who had come to terms with himself and the world around him. He knew what he wanted and he wanted only this: to understand within his limits as a human being the nature of the universe and the logic and simplicity in its functioning. He knew there were answers beyond his intellectual reach. But this did not frustrate him. He was content to go as far as he could.
In the 23 years of our friendship, I never saw him show jealousy, vanity, bitterness, anger, resentment, or personal ambition. He seemed immune to these emotions. He was beyond any pretension. Although he corresponded with many of the world's most important people, his stationery carried only a watermark - W - for Woolworth's.
To do his work he needed only a pencil only a pencil and a pad of paper. Material things meant nothing to him. I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use for it. He believed in simplicity, so much so that he used only a safety razor and water to shave. When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, "The razor and water do the job."
"But Professor, why don't you try the cream just once?" I argued. "It makes shaving smoother and less painful."
He shrugged. Finally, I presented him with a tube of shaving cream. The next morning when he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. "You know, that cream really works," he announced. "It doesn't pull the beard. It feels wonderful." Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty. Then he reverted to using plain water.
Einstein was purely and exclusively a theorist. He didn't have the slightest interest in the practical application of his ideas and theories. His E=mc2 is probably the most famous equation in history - yet Einstein wouldn't walk down the street to see a reactor create atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize for his Photoelectric Theory, a series of equations that he considered relatively minor in importance, but he didn't have any curiosity in observing how his theory made TV possible.
My brother once gave the Professor a toy, a bird that balanced on the edge of a bowl of water and repeatedly dunked its head in the water. Einstein watched it in delight, trying to deduce the operating principle. But be couldn't.
The next morning he announced, "I had thought about that bird for a long time before I went to bed and it must work this way…" He began a ling explanation. Then he stopped, realizing a flaw in his reasoning. "No, I guess that's not it," he said. He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. His quick expression of disapproval told me he did not agree with this practical approach. He never did work out the solution.
Another puzzle that Einstein could never understand was his own fame. He had developed theories that were profound and capable of exciting relatively few scientists. Yet his name was a household word across the civilized world. "I've had good ideas, and so have other men," he once said. "But it's been my good fortune that my ideas have been accepted." He was bewildered by his fame: people wanted to meet him; strangers stared at him on the street; scientists, statesmen, students, and housewives wrote him letters. He never could understand why he received this attention, why he was singled out as something special.
NEW WORDS
modest
a. having or expressing a not too high opinion of one's merits, abilities, etc. 謙虛的
yo-yo
n. 游游(一種用線扯動使用權忽上忽來的輪形玩具)
ease
n. freedom from work, discomfort, trouble, difficulty, worry, etc. 悠閑;舒適;自在;安心
display
n. show 展示
loop
vt. 把(繩等)打成環
n. 圈;環
strong
n. 細繩;線;弦
balance
n. condition of being steady 平衡
v. keep in a state of balance
properly
ad. really; completely 非常;完全地
impress
vt. have a strong effect on the mind or feelings of 給...深刻的印象
vt. send by post
poem
n. piece of writing in verse 詩
personality
n. character 個性
logic
n. the science or method of reasoning 邏輯(學);推理(法)
simplicity
n. the state of being simple; an absence of pretense 簡單;簡樸;單純
function
vi. work
intellectual
a. 智力的
frustrate
n. cause to have feeling of annoyed disappointment; defeat 使沮喪;挫敗
frustration
n.
jealousy
n. envy 妒忌
jealous
a.
vanity
n. state of being too proud of oneself or one's looks, abilities, etc. 虛榮心
bitterness
n. the quality or state of being bitter 苦;痛苦
resentment
n. feeling that one has when insulted, ignored, injured, etc. 怨恨
ambition
n. strong desire for success, power, riches, etc. 野心,抱負
ambitious
a.
immune
a. 有免疫力的;不受影響的
immunity
n.
emotion
n. strong feeling
pretension
n. 矯飾,做作,不受影響
correspond
vi. exchange letter regularly 通信
stationery
n. paper for writing letters, usu. with matching envelopes; writing materials 信箋;文具
watermark
n. mark made on paper by the maker, seen when it is held against light 水印
pad
n. a number of sheets of writing paper fixed along one edge 便箋簿
razor
n. sharp instrument for taking hair off the body 剃刀
shave
vt. cut off (hair or beard) with a razor
cream
n. any thick, soft liquid 膏狀物
argue
vt. give reasons for or against (sth.) 爭辨
painful
a. causing pain
shrug
vi. lift (the shoulders) slightly (to show in difference, doubt, etc.) 聳肩
finally
ad. at last; lastly 最終;最后
present
vt. give; offer 贈送;提供
tube
n. 管;軟管
beam
vi. look or smile happily and cheerfully 面露喜色;高興地微笑
beard
n. hair of the lower part of the face (excluding the moustache) 胡須
thereafter
ad. after that; afterwards
revert
vi return (to a former state, condition, etc.) 回復,回返
exclusively
ad. only; completely
exclusive
a. person who forms theories 理論家
theorist
n. 方程式
equation
n. small in degree, not considerable or serious 微小的,輕微的
application
n. using 應用
theory
n. (explanation of the) general principles of an art or science 理論
theoretical
a.
reactor
n. 反應堆
atomic
a. of or concerning an atom or atoms 原子的
atom
n.
photoelectric
a. 光電的
series
n. group of things of the same kind that come one after another 系列;套,組
relatively
ad. comparatively 相對地;比較地
relative
a.
relativity
n.
curiosity
n. the desire to know or learn 好奇心
observe
v. see and again
repeatedly
ad. again and again
dunk
vt. put under water for a limited time 把...浸一浸
deduce
vt. reach a conclusion by reasoning 演繹,推斷
deduction
n.
principle
n. 原理;原則
flaw
n. fault 缺點,瑕疵
reasoning
n. process of reaching conclusions by using one's reason 推理
pursue
vt. work at, be busy with, go on with 從事;忙于;繼續
apart
ad. separate(ly) 分離,分開
approach
n. method of doing sth. 方式,方法
solution
n. sth. that one cannot understand or explain 謎
fame
n. (condition of) being famous
profound
a. needing much thought or study to understand; deep 深奧的;深刻的
capable
a. able
capability
n.
household
n. all the people living in a house
a. familiar and common
household word
n. word or name known and spoken of by almost everyone 家喻戶曉的詞或名字
civilized
a. 文明的
civilize
vt.
civilization
n.
fortune
n. luck
bewilder
vt. confuse; puzzle 把...弄糊涂;使迷惑
statesman
n. political or government leader, esp. one who is wise and fair-minded 政治家
housewife
n. married woman who manages a household
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
at ease
free from worry or nervousness; comfortable
off balance
not in balance; unsteady 失去平衡的
come to terms with
accept (sth. one does not want to accept) and deal with it in the best way one can 與...達成協議;與...妥協
as far as
to the degree that 到...程度
mean nothing to
be of no importance to
believe in
have confidence in the value of
so much so that
to such an extent that
a series of
a number of (thing or events) of the same kind that follow each other 一系列,一連串
take apart
separate (a small machine, clock, etc.) into pieces 拆開
work out
solve, find the answer to 解決;算出;想出
capable of
having the ability, power or inclination (to do)
single out
choose from a group for special treatment 選出,挑出
PROPER NAMES
Thomas Lee Bucky
托馬斯.李.巴基
Joseph Blank
約瑟夫.布蘭克
Albert Einstein
阿伯特.愛因斯坦
Woolworth
伍爾沃叫(姓氏)
Nobel Prize
諾貝爾獎金
Unit Six：The Making of a Surgeon
A famous surgeon tells about the importance of self-confidence from his own experience.
The Making of a Surgeon
How does a doctor recognize the point in time when he is finally a "surgeon"? As my year as chief resident drew to a close I asked myself this question on more than one occasion.
The answer, I concluded, was self-confidence. When you can say to yourself, "There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon" - then, and not until then, you are indeed a surgeon. I was nearing that point.
Take, for example, the emergency situations that we encountered almost every night. The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone. I knew it meant another critical decision to be made. Often, after I had told Walt or Larry what to do in a particular situation, I'd have trouble getting back to sleep. I'd review all the facts of the case and, not infrequently, wonder if I hadn't made a poor decision. More than once at two or three in the morning, after lying awake for an hour, I'd get out of bed, dress and drive to the hospital to see the patient myself. It was the only way I could find the peace of mind I needed to relax.
Now, in the last month of my residency, sleeping was no longer a problem. There were still situations in which I couldn't be certain my decision had been the right one, but I had learned to accept this as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that could never be completely resolved - and I could live with it. So, once I had made a considered decision, I no longer dwelt on it. Reviewing it wasn't going to help and I knew that with my knowledge and experience, any decision I'd made was bound to be a sound one. It was a nice feeling.
In the operating room I was equally confident. I knew I had the knowledge, the skill, the experience to handle any surgical situation I'd ever encounter in practice. There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest. I knew that even if the case was one in which it was impossible to anticipate the problem in advance, I could handle whatever l found. I'd sweated through my share of stab wounds of the belly, of punctured lungs, of compound fractures. I had sweated over them for five years. I didn't need to sweat any more.
Nor was I afraid of making mistakes. I knew that when I was out in practice I would inevitably err at one time or another and operate on someone who didn't need surgery or sit on someone who did. Five years earlier - even one year earlier - I wouldn't have been able to live with myself if I had had to take sole responsibility for a mistake in judgment. Now I could. I still dreaded errors - would do my best to avoid them -- but I knew they were part of a surgeon's life. I could accept this fact with calmness because I knew that if I wasn't able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have, either.
This all sounds conceited and I guess it is - but a surgeon needs conceit. He needs it to encourage him in trying moments when he's bothered by the doubts and uncertainties that are part of the practice of medicine. He has to feel that he's as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. Call it conceit - call it self-confidence; whatever it was, I had it.
NEW WORDS
surgeon
n. doctor who performs operations 外科醫生
self-confidence
n. 自信心
making
n. means of gaining success 成功之道
resident
n. 住院醫生
conclude
vt. arrive at a belief or opinion by reasoning 得出結論
surgical
a. of, by, or for surgery 外科的;手術的
competently
ad. with the necessary skill 稱職地;勝任地
competent
a.
near
vt. approach; come closer to
emergency
n. sudden and dangerous happening needing immediate action 緊急情況;急癥
encounter
vt. be faced with (difficulties, danger, etc.); meet unexpectedly 遭到;意外地遇見
dread
vt. fear greatly 畏懼
critical
a. important at a time of danger and difficulty 緊要的;關鍵性的
particular
a. belonging to some one person, thing, or occasion 特定的
case
n. instance of disease or injury 病例
infrequently
ad. seldom; not often
relax
vi. become less tense 放松
relaxation
n.
residency
n. the last stage of a doctor's training at a hospital 高級專科住院實習(期)
constant
a. happening all the time; unchanging 不斷的;始終如一的
resolve
vt. solve 解決
resolution
n.
considered
a. carefully thought out 經過深思熟慮的
dwell
vi. live (in a place) 居住
bound
a. very likely; certain 一定的，必然的
sound
a. correct; based on good judgment 正確的，合理的
confident
a. sure of oneself and one's abilities 自然的
confidence
n.
handle
vt. manage, deal with 處理
butterfly
n. 蝴蝶
abdomen
n. belly 腹(部)
anticipate
vt. see beforehand 預期
anticipation
n.
sweat
n. 汗
vi. 流汗
stab
n. thrust made with a pointed weapon 刺;戳
belly
n. 肚，腹部
puncture
vt. make a small hole in (sth.) with sth. pointed 刺穿
compound
a. having more than one part 復合的
fracture
n. break in a bone 骨折
compound
n. 復合性骨折
inevitably
ad. unavoidably 不可避免地
inevitable
a.
err
vi. make mistakes; do wrong
operate
vi. perform a surgical operation 動手術
surgery
n. 外科;外科手術
sole
a. unshared; one and only 唯一的
responsibility
n. 責任;責任心
avoid
vt. escape; keep or get away from 避免
conceited
a. having too high an opinion of oneself 自負的
conceit
n. too high an opinion of oneself
trying
a. hard to endure or bear; very difficult 難受的;惱人的
bother
vt. annoy, trouble 煩擾，麻煩
uncertainty
n. uncertain condition; doubt
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
draw to a close
come to an end 結束
live with
learn to accept (sth. unpleasant); tolerate 學會;適應;容忍
dwell on
think, write, or speak a lot about 老是想著;詳述;強調
(be) bound to (do)
(be) certain to (do) 一定..., 必然...
in practice
(醫師,律師等) 在開業中;在實踐中
butterflies in the stomach
feelings of nervousness 忐忑不安
open up
cut open 切開,給...開刀
in advance
ahead of time 預先,事前
at one time or another
sometime or other 早晚
sit on
delay taking action on; do nothing about 拖延;擱置
PROPER NAMES
Nolen
諾蘭(姓氏)
Walt
沃爾特(男子名 Walter 的昵稱)
Larry
拉里(男子 Lawrence 的昵稱)
Unit Seven;There's Only Luck
TEXT
In this article the author describes what happened to her one night and what happened to her one night and her feelings about it.
There's Only Luck
My mind went numb when I saw the gun pointing against the car window as we pulled out of the garage: This can't be happening to me. Then I felt the gun, cold, against my head, and I heard my friend Jeremy saying, "What do you want? Take my wallet," but at the time I thought of nothing.
I remember being vaguely annoyed when the gunman pulled me from the car by the hair. I remember the walk to the house - Jeremy, me, the two men with two guns. I remember the fear and anger in the gunmen's voices because Jeremy was being slow, and I remember wondering why he waas being slow. I did not realize that Jeremy had thrown the keys into the shrubbery. But I remember that sound of the gun hitting Jeremy's head and the feeling as the man who had hold of my hair released me. And I remember the split second when I realized he was looking at Jeremy, and I remember wondering how far I could run before he pulled the trigger. But I was already running, and upon reaching the car across the street, I didn't crouch behind it but screamed instead.
I remember thinking there was something absurdly melodramatic about screaming "Help, help!" at eight o'clock on a Tuesday evening in December and changing my plea to the more specific "Help, let me in, please let me in!" But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly, and I ran on until I heard Jeremy's screams behind me announcing that our attackers had fled.
The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats and helped Jeremy find his glasses and keys. In a group they were very brave. We waited for the cops to come until someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold, and I said politely, "Please go and eat. We're O.K."
I was happy to see them go. They had been talking of stiffer sentences for criminals, of bringing back the death penalty and how the President is going to clean up the country. I was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead body, and I still feel that stiffer sentences wouldn't change a thing. In a rush all the rage I should have felt for my attackers was directed against these contented people standing in front of their warm, cozy homes talking about all the guns they were going to buy. What good would guns have been to Jeremy and me?
People all over the neighborhood had called to report our screams, and the police turned out in force twenty minutes later. They were ill-tempered about what was, to them, much ado about nothing. After all, Jeremy was hardly hurt, and we were hopeless when it came to identification. "Typical," said one cop when we couldn't even agree on how tall the men were. Both of us were able to describe the guns in horrifying detail, but the two policemen who stayed to make the report didn't think that would be much help.
The cops were matter-of-fact about the whole thing. The thin one said, "That was a stupid thing to do, throwing away the keys. When a man has a gun against your head you do what you're told." Jeremy looked properly sheepish.
Then the fat cop same up and the thin one went to look around the outside of the house. "That was the best thing you could have done, throwing away the keys," he said. "If you had gone into the house with them…" His voice trailed off. "They would have hurt her" - he jerked his head toward me - "and killed you both." Jeremy looked happier. "Look," said the fat cop kindly, "there's no right of wrong in the situation. There's just luck."
All that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window. How long did the whole thing last? Three minutes, five, eight? No matter how many hours of my life I may spend reliving it, I know there is no way to prepare for the next time - no intelligent response to a gun. The fat cop was right: There's only luck. The next time I might end up dead.
And I'm sure there will be a next time. It can happen anywhere, anytime, to anyone. Security is an illusion; there is no safety in locks or in guns. Guns make some people feel safe and some people feel strong, but they're fooling themselves.
NEW WORDS
numb
n. having lost the power of feeling or moving 失去感覺的，麻木的
garage
n. building in which a car is kept 汽車庫
wallet
n. leather pocket-case for paper money, cards, etc. 皮夾
vaguely
ad. not clearly 模糊地
vague
a.
annoy
vt. make rather angry 使惱怒
gunman
n. a man armed with a gun, esp. a criminal or terrorist 持槍歹徒
shrubbery
n. low bushes forming a mass or group 灌木叢
release
vt. set free 松開;釋放
split
vt. divide into parts 劈開
split second
very brief moment of time; instant 瞬間，一剎那
trigger
n. 扳機
crouch
vi. lower the body to the ground 蹲伏
absurdly
ad. foolishly; ridiculously 愚蠢地，荒唐可笑地
absurd
a.
melodramatic
a. exciting in effect, often too much so to be thought real 感情夸張;鬧劇式的
plea
n. asking for sth. with strong feelings 懇求
specific
a. definite; not general 明確的;具體的
flee
v. run away (from) 逃走;逃離
baseball
n. 棒球(運動)
bat
n. 球棒，球拍
cop
n. (informal) policeman
noodle
n. (usu. pl.) 面條
stiff
a. severe 嚴厲
criminal
n. someone who has broken the law 罪犯
penalty
n. punishment 懲罰
rage
n. great anger 狂怒
contented
a. satisfied; happy 滿足的
cozy
a. warm and comfortable 暖和舒適的
ill-tempered
a. (often) angry or annoyed 脾氣壞的;易怒的
ado
n. trouble and excitement 忙亂
hopeless
a. giving no cause for hope; very bad or unskilled 沒有希望的;無能的
identification
n. 鑒別
identify
vt.
horrify
vt. frighten; shock very much 使恐怖;使震驚
detail
n. small, particular fact 細節
matter-of-fact
a. concerned with the facts; practical 注重事實的;講究實際的
sheepish
a. foolish or embarrassed by awareness of a fault 局促不安的
trail
vi. grow gradually weaker, dimmer, etc.
jerk
vt. pull or lift suddenly 猛拉;猛抬
replay
vt. play (match, recording, etc.) over again 重放
glove
n. 手套
last
vi. go on
relive
vt. experience again, esp. in the imagination
intelligent
a. clever; rational 聰明的;明智的
response
n. action done in answer; answer 反應;回答
respond
vi.
security
n. safety, freedom from danger or fear 安全，平安
secure
a.
illusion
n. false perception; (the seeing of) sth. that does not really exist 錯覺;幻覺
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
pull out (of)
move out (of) (車，船等)駛出
have (get, catch) hold of
抓住
bring back
restore, reintroduce 恢復
clean up
clean thoroughly and remove anything unwanted 徹底打掃;整肅
turn out
appear; come or go out to see or do sth. 出來，出動
in force
in large numbers 大批地，人數眾多地
much ado about nothing
a lot of unnecessary explaining, of excitement about things not serious or unimportant 無事生非;小題大作
come to
reach (a particular point) in explaining, etc. 談到(某一點)
agree on
have the same opinion on
in detail
giving a lot of facts 詳細地
trail off
(voice, etc.) become gradually weaker and fade into silence (聲音等)逐漸變弱
no way
不可能
prepare for
get ready for
and up 結束，告終
PROPER NAMES
Ruth Reichl
露絲.賴克爾
Jeremy
杰里米(男子名)
Unit Eight:Honesty：Is It Going out of Style?
TEXT
Ever thought about cheating on a test? Of course not. But some students are not quite so honest …
Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style?
Stacia Robbins
According to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response my not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbor's test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.
More and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations.
Cheating is considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say they've dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they can't track down all the cheaters anymore.
Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said they'd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch "ringers," students who take tests for other students.
The majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, "Like police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word."
We frequently hear about "the good old days", when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today.
School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny he'd overcharged a customer. It's the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true … unlike the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washington's first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax." What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character.
And these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usually didn't read "fun" stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends.
Parents may have further reinforced those values. It's difficult to know. We do know that children didn't hear their parents talk of cheating the government on income taxes - there weren't any.
A clue as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person at a large supermarket return money a customer? It's less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and wife, steal towels? It's less likely.
Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to be at their honest best.
The vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty as an important part of the American Character. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down.
Cheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesn't seem linked to the economy.
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating - a person may feel "they don't trust me anyway," and be tempted to "beat the system." Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust!
NEW WORDS
honesty
n. freedom from deceit, cheating, etc. 誠實
style
n. fashion 時髦
poll
n. survey of public opinion by putting questions to a representative selection of persons 民意測驗
admit
v. state or agree to the truth of; confess 承認，供認
admission
n.
temptation
n. the act of tempting or being tempted 引誘;誘惑
peek
vi. look (at sth.) quickly, esp. when one should not 偷看
behavio(u)r
n. way of behaving 行為
behave
v.
indication
n. sign or suggestion 跡象
competency
n. ability; being competent 能力;勝任
diploma
n. official paper showing that a person has successfully finished a course of study or passed an examination 文憑
corresponding
a. matching 相應的
criminal
a. of crime
misdemeano(u)r
n. crime that is less serious than, for example, stealing of murder 輕罪
charge
n. accusation 指控
possess
n. have, own 占有，擁有
advance
a. made available before the date of general publication or release 預先的
regent
n. member of a governing board (學校董事會的)董事
drop
vt. give up; discontinue 放棄;革除
traditional
a. of or according to tradition 傳統的
tradition
n.
requirement
n. sth. required; sth. demanded as a condition 要求;必要條件
prewritten
a. written beforehand; written in advance
psychology
n. science of the mind 心理學
psychological
a.
launch
vt. start, set going 發起;發動
campaign
n. series of planned activities for some special purpose 運動
file
vi. march or move in a line 排成縱隊行進
exit
n. way out of a place 出口(處)
proctor
n. 臨考人
ID card
n. identity card 身份證
dorm
n. (short for) dormitory 宿舍
mug
n. the face or mouth
shot
n. a single photograph
mug shot
n. (sl.) photograph of a person's face, used for purposes of identification 面部照片
ringer
n. any person who pretends to be another 冒名頂替者
applaud
vt. praise esp. by striking one's hands to gether 拍手稱贊
campus
n. university; the grounds of a university, college, or school 大學;校園
editorial
n. leading article 社論
arrest
vt. seize (sb.) in the name of the law 逮捕
speeder
n. person who drives an automobile at a higher speed than is lawful 違法超速駕駛者
intent
n. purpose; intention
frequently
ad. at short intervals, often 頻繁地
overcharge
vt. charge too much 對...要價太高
customer
n. person who buys goods from a shop, esp. regularly 顧客
myth
n. 神話
unlike
prep. not like, different from
cherry
n. 櫻桃
biographer
n. person who writes about another person's life 傳記作家
ax(e)
n. 斧子
character
n. mental or moral qualities that make one person, race, etc. different from others 性格，品質
moral
a. concerning principles of right of wrong 道德的
reinforce
vt. encourage of strengthen 加強
tax
n. 稅，稅款
clue
n. sth. that helps to find an answer to a question 線索
check-out
n. desk where one pays the bill of the goods one has chosen 結帳處
supermarket
n. large shop where one serves oneself with food and goods 超級市場
overnight
a. for or during the night 住一夜的;一整夜的
inn
n. small hotel 小旅館，客棧
towel
n. 毛巾
vast
a. very big
numerous
a. many
watch-dog
a. organized or acting as a watchful guardian, esp. against unlawful practice 起監督作用的
dishonesty
n. the quality of being dishonest
reveal
vt. make known 揭露
evidence
n. sign or proof 證據
ebb
vi. (of the tide) flow back from the land to the sea; grow less; become weak or faint 落潮;低落，衰退
flow
vi. (of the tide) come in; rise; run or spread smoothly (潮)漲;上升;流
incident
n. event; happening 事件
theft
n. (the act of, an instance of) stealing
tend
vi. have a tendency 易于，往往會
link
vt. join or connect 連接;聯系
economy
n. 經濟
anyway
ad. at all; in any case 究竟;無論如何
tempt
vt. attract (sb.) to do sth. wrong or foolish 引誘
system
n. 體制;制度
systematic
a.
distrust
n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任，懷疑
contagious
a. tending to spread easily from person to person 傳染的
PHEASES & EXPRESSIONS
out of style
no longer fashionable 過時的，不再流行
according to
as stated or shown by; in a way that agrees with 按照，根據
(be) faced with
面對
be hard on
對...過分嚴厲
on the rise
increasing steadily 在增長;在加劇
a case in point
a very good example 恰當的例子
all but
all except 除了...都
(be) different from
unlike, not the same as 與...不同
think of ... as
regard as
in the case of
就...來說,至于
come to
arrive at a particular state or position 變成(某種狀態)
lie in
exist in 在于
on the other hand
from the opposed point of view 另一方面,反過來說
at one's best
in as good a state as possible 處于最佳狀態
go up
rise; increase 上升;增加
go down
fall; decrease 下降;減少
PROPER NAMES
Stacia Robbins
斯泰茜婭.羅賓斯
Maryland
馬里蘭(美國州名)
Abe
艾貝(Abraham的昵稱)
Abe
Unit Nine:What Is Intelligence，Anyway?
TEXT
Asimov explains why there is much more in intelligence than just being able to score high on intelligence tests.
What Is Intelligence, Anyway?
Isaac Asimor
What is intelligence, anyway? When I was in the army I received a kind of aptitude test that all soldiers took and, against a normal of 100, scored 160. No one at the base had ever seen a figure like that and for two hours they made a nig fuss over me. (It didn't mean anything. The next day I was still a buck private with KP as my highest duty.)
All my life I've been registering scores like that, so that I have the complacent feeling that I'm highly intelligent, and I expect other people to think so, too. Actually, though, don't such scores simply mean that I am very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by the people who make up the intelligence tests - people with intellectual bents similar to mine?
For instance, I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not possibly have scored more than 80, by my estimate. I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was. Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles - and he always fixed my car.
Well, then, suppose my auto-repair man devised questions for an intelligence test. Or suppose a carpenter did, or a farmer, or, indeed, almost anyone but an academician. By every one of those tests, I'd prove myself a moron. And I'd be a moron, too. In a world where I could not use my academic training and my verbal talents but had to do something intricate or hard, working with my hands, I would do poorly. My intelligence, then, is not absolute. Its worth is determined by the society I live in. Its numerical evaluation is determined by a small subsection of that society which has managed to foist itself on the rest of us as an arbiter of such matters.
Consider my auto-repair man, again. He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me. One time he raised his head from under the automobile hood to say: "Doc, a deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. He put two fingers together on the counter and made hammering motions with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He shook his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk brought him nails. He picked out the sizes he wanted, and left. Well, doc, the next guy who came in was a blind man. He wanted scissors. How do you suppose he asked for them?"
I lifted my right hand and made scissoring motions with my first two fingers. Whereupon my auto-repair man laughed heartily and said, "Why, you dumb fool, he used his voice and asked for them." Then he said, smugly, "I've been trying that on all my customers today." "Did you catch many?" I asked. "Quite a few," he said, "but I knew for sure I'd catch you." "Why is that?" I asked. "Because you're so goddamned educated, doc, I know you couldn't be very smart."
And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.
NEW WORDS
aptitude
n. natural ability or skill 能力，才能
normal
n. the usual state or level 正常的狀態或水平
figure
n. 數字
fuss
n. unnecessary expression of excitement, anger, impatience, etc. 大驚小怪
buck private
n. (sl.) common soldier of the lowest rank 列兵
KP (abbr)
kitchen police (a military duty of helping the cooks prepare and serve the food, wash the dishes, and clean up the kitchen) 炊事值勤(員)
register
vt. achieve; write in a list or record 取得;登記
complacent
a. self-satisfactory; pleased with oneself 自滿的;自鳴得意的
highly
ad. to a great degree; very
simply
ad. just; only 僅僅;只不過
academic
a. scholarly, theoretical, not practical; of a college or university 學術的，學究的;學院的
worthy (of)
a. deserving 值得的
bent
n. natural tendency or inclination 嗜好，傾向
similar
a. alike; of the same sort 類似的
auto
n. (short for) automobile 汽車
estimate
n. judgment or opinion about how much, how many, how good, etc. 估計
grant
vt. give or allow (what is asked for) 授予;準予
hasten
vi. go fast; be quick 趕快;急忙
explore
vt. search or examine thoroughly 探索;探究
vitals
n. essential parts of anything; the main bodily organs 主要部件;(人體的)重要器官
pronouncement
n. formal or authoritative statement; opinion 聲明;見解
divine
a. coming from God; sacred 神的;神圣的
oracle
n. 圣言;神諭
devise
vt. think out; plan 想出;設計
carpenter
n. 木匠
academician
n. member of an art, literary or scientific academy or society院士，學會會員
morron
n. stupid person 低能者;蠢人
verbal
a. complicated with words and their use; spoken, not written 詞語的;口頭的
intricate
a. complicated 錯綜復雜
absolute
a. not measured by comparison with other things 絕對的
determine
vt. fix or find out exactly 確定
numerical
n. of a number; shown by numbers 數字的;用數字表示的
evaluation
vt. 估價，評價
evaluate
vt.
subsection
n. part of a section 小組，分部
foist
vt. force (sth.) on another person by fraud or trickery 把...強加于
arbiter
n. judge 仲裁人,公斷人
joke
n. sth. said or done to cause laughter or amusement
automobile
n. 汽車
hood
n. (汽車)引擎罩
doc
(short for) doctor
deaf
a. unable to hear 聾的
dumb
a. unable to speak; stupid 啞的;愚笨的
deaf-and-dumb
a. unable to hear and speak
hardware
n. metal goods such as utensils, tools, nails, etc. 金屬器具
hammer
n. 錘子;榔頭
v. strike repeatedly (with a hammer)
clerk
n. salesclerk; person who works in a shop selling things 店員
scissors
n. 剪刀
scissor
v. cut with scissors
whereupon
ad. upon, at, or after which 于是，因此;然后
heartily
ad. 盡情地
smugly
ad. complacently 沾沾自喜地
goddamned
ad. (sl.) very, extremely
uneasy
a. awkward; not easy in mind or body 局促的;不安的;不安適的
PHRAESE & EXPRESSIONS
make a fuss of / over
為...大驚小怪
worthy of
deserving 值得
make up
prepare ready for use 編制;配制
by one's estimate
據某人估計
take sth. for granted
regard it as true or as certain to happen 認為某事當然
go wrong
stop working as true or as certain to happen 出毛病
pick out
select 挑選
try...on
在...身上試驗
for sure
for certain; certainly 確切地;肯定
PROPER NAMES
Isaac Asimov
艾薩克.阿西莫夫
Unit Ten: Profits of Praise
TEXT
Are we too quick to blame and slow to praise? It seems we are.
Profits of Praise
It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant. My cap had gone awry, my apron was stained, my feet ached. The loaded trays I carried felt heavier and heavier. Weary and discouraged, I didn't seem able to do anything right. As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit.
Then the father smiled at me as he handed me my tip. "Well done," he said. "You've looked after us really well."
Suddenly my tiredness vanished. I smiled back, and later, when the manager asked me how I'd liked my first day, I said, "Fine!" Those few words of praise had changed everything.
Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
Why - when one word can bring such pleasure? A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to learn a little of the language of any place she visits. She's not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word - "beautiful" - in several languages. She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family. The ability has earned her friends all over the world.
It's strange how chary we are about praising. Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.
It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell you laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right? Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year?
Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs: gas-station attendants, waitresses - even housewives. Do you ever go into a house and say, "What a tidy room"? Hardly anybody does. That's why housework is considered such a dreary grind. Comment is often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors. Shakespeare said, "Our praises are our wages." Since so often praise is the only wage a housewife receives, surely she of all people should get her measure.
Mothers know instinctively that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. Still, we're not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule. One day I was criticizing my children for squabbling. "Can you never play peacefully?" I shouted. Susanna looked at me quizzically. "Of course we can," she said. "But you don't notice us when we do."
Teachers agree about the value of praise. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. "I believe that a student knows when he has handed in something above his usual standard," writes the teacher, "and that he waits hungrily for a brief comment in the margin to show him that the teacher is aware of it, too."
Behavioral scientists have done countless experiments to prove that any human being tends to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result. In one such experiment, a number of schoolchildren were divided into three groups and given arithmetic tests daily for five days. One group was consistently praised for its previous performance; another group was criticized; the third was ignored.
Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. Those who were criticized improved also, bus not so much. And the scores of the children who were ignored hardly improved at all. Interestingly the brightest children were helped just as much by criticism as by praise, but the less able children reacted badly to criticism, needed praise the most. Yet the latter are the very youngsters who, in most schools, fail to get the pat on the back.
To give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment's thought and a moment's effort - perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. It is such a small investment - and yet consider the results it may produce. "I can live for two months on a good compliment," said Mark Twain.
So, let's be alert to the small excellences around us - and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, added happiness into out own.
NEW WORDS
profit
n. advantage or good obtained from sth... money gained in business 益處;利潤
exhaust
vt. tire out 使筋疲力盡
waitress
n. woman waiter
awry
a. with a turn to one side 歪;斜
apron
n. 圍裙
stain
vt. make dirty marks on 玷污
load
vt. put a full amount of things on or in (sth.) 裝滿
tray
n. 托盤
weary
a. very tired 厭倦的，厭煩的
discourage
vt. cause to lose courage or confidence 使泄氣，使灰心
ice-cream
n. 冰淇淋
dozen
n. twelve (一)打
quit
v. stop (doing sth.) and leave 離(職)，不干
sunlight
n. light of the sun; sunshine
human
a. of or concerning people
apply
vt. 運用，實施
application
n.
somehow
ad. for some reacon or other; in some way or other 不知怎么地，以某種方式
reluctant
a. unwilling 不情愿的;勉強的
sunshine
n. light of the sun
linguist
n. person who is good at foreign languages; person who studies the science of language 通曉數國語言的人;語言學家
salesman
n. man whose work is selling a company's goods to businesses, homes, etc. 推銷員
earn
vt. get in return for work or as a reward for one's qualities, etc. 掙得，贏得
chary
a. careful; cautious 謹慎小心的
compliment
n. praise 贊美(話)
vt. praise 贊美
gracefully
ad. 大大方方地;優美地
graceful
a.
embarrass
vt. make awkward or ashamed 使尷尬
defensive
a. 防御
surprisingly
as. in a surprising manner or degree
pat
n. tap made with the open hand 輕拍
v. tap gently with the open hand
indirectly
ad. in an indirect way 間接地
indirect
a.
spiteful
a. having or showing ill will 惡意的
convey
vt. make (ideas, views, feelings, etc.) know to another person 轉達，傳達
relay
vt. 傳送;傳達
flatter
vt. praise too much; praise insincerely (in order to please) 過獎;諂媚，奉承
comment
n. opinion, explanation or judgment written or spoken about an event, book, person, state of affairs, etc. 評論
vi. make comments (on); give opinions
rewarding
a. worthwhile; worth doing; giving a reward to 值得(做)的;報答的
reward
vt.
generally
ad. usually 通常，一般地
artist
n. person who practises or works in one of the fine arts, esp. painting 畫家，藝術家
glorious
a. splendid 輝煌的
laundry
n. 洗衣店
appreciate
vt. understand and enjoy; be thankful for 欣賞，鑒賞;感謝，感激
routine
a. not unusual or exciting; regular 常規的，例行的
gas-station
n. 加油站
attendant
n. 服務人員
tidy
a. neatly arranged 整潔的，整齊的
housework
n. work done on taking care of a house 家務勞動
dreary
a. dull and uninteresting 沉悶乏味的
grind
n. hard uninteresting work 苦差使
scrub
vt. clean by rubbing hard, esp. with a stiff brush 擦洗
wage
n. (pl.) 工資，報酬
measure
n. am adequate or due portion 份兒
instinctively
ad. 本能地
scold
vt. blame with angry words 申訴，怒罵
perceptive
a. 感覺靈敏的
criticize
vt. 批評
squabble
vi. quarrel, esp. noisily and unreasonably 爭吵，口角
peacefully
ad. in a peaceful manner; quietly 安靜地
peaceful
a.
quizzically
ad. 嘲弄地;疑惑地
drown
vt. cover completely with water; cause (sb.) to die by keeping under water 淹沒;使(某人)淹死
critical
a. fault-finding 挑剔的，苛求的
constructive
a. helping 建設性的
favo(u)rably
ad. helping 贊成地，稱贊地
favo(u)rable
a.
brief
a. using a few words; short
margin
n. blank space round the printed or written matter on a page 頁邊的空白
behavioral
a. of or relating to behavior 行為的
countless
a. too many to be counted
arithmetic
n. science of numbers 算術
consistently
ad. 始終如一地;一貫地
consistent
a.
previous
a. coming earlier in time or order 以前的
lgnore
vt. not to take notice of, pay no attention to 不理,忽視
dramatically
ad. strikingly 顯著地
dramatic
a.
react
vi. respond 反應
youngster
n. young person, esp. a boy
appreciative
a. thankful; grateful
investment
n. 投資
invest
v.
alert
a. watchful and keen 警覺的
excellence
n. an excellent or valuable quality; virtue
PHRASRS & EXPRESSIONS
make out
write out; complete or fill in 開出;填寫
only too
very 極,非常
not much of a
not a very good 不十分好的
fish out
bring out after searching 掏出
shrug off
dismiss as not deserving attention or as sth. unimportant 聳肩表示對...不屑理睬
pat on the back
word or gesture of praise or encouragement 贊揚;鼓勵
pass on
convey (to another) 傳遞
live on
depend upon for support 靠...生活
PROPER NAMES
Janet Graham
珍妮特.格雷厄姆
Shakespeare
莎士比亞
Susanna
蘇珊娜
Mark Twain
馬克.吐溫
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